DRUGS PRIMER BOOK FOR EXCISE

Chapter 1
Introduction
What is drug :

A drug is a substance, other than food, which is intended to affect the structure or functions of the body of man or animal. It is also defined as a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease in man or other animal or a substance natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic which, taken in small quantity, modifies the physiological function of humans or animals (WHO definition).

What are Narcotics ?

It is medically defined as a substance that relaxes you, reduces pain or makes you sleep. Most of the drugs in this category are taken either orally or through intramuscular injection. Eg: heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, cannabis (Ganja) and their derivatives.

What are psychotropic substances ?

Medically speaking it is a drug or substance having a particular affinity for or effect on the psyche of an individual.

Legally speaking any substance, natural or synthetic or any natural material in Schedules, I, II, III or IV of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 is considered a Psychotropic Substances. 217 Psychotropic Substances are available in the market.

What are precursors?

The term “precursor” is used to indicate any of the substances listed in Table I or II of the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. Such substances are often described as precursors or essential chemicals, depending on their principal chemical properties. Eg: Acetic Anhydride, N-Acetyl Anthranilic Acid, Ephedrine, Pseudo-Ephedrine.
Well known for their medical use of relieving severe pain. Most of the drugs in this category are administered orally or through intramuscular injection. Ex. - Heroin, Opium, Morphine, and Codeine.
Withdrawal symptoms such as watery eyes, running nose, yawning and perspiration will develop only six to eight hours following the last use of the drug. Within 48 to 72 hours, more severe withdrawal symptoms may develop, including restlessness, irritability, appetite loss, tremors, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and chills alternating with excessive sweating.
It may take one to two weeks for the body to return to "normal."

Drug abuse as a medical term is not in vogue either with WHO or with American and international authorities . The term has been substituted by ‘substance abuse’. WHO and UN continue to use the term Drug Abuse while referring to ‘controlled drug misuse’.
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association defines substance abuse as:[4]
A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household)
Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)
Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct
Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights)
B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for this class of substance.





Marijuana is a drug that produces psychological and physical effects. It is made from the dried leaves and flowering tops of the hemp plant. Users commonly smoke marijuana in cigarettes or pipes.

Marijuana

Marijuana is the second most popular drug with youth. It consists of the leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the cannabis plant, which are dried and chopped into small amounts. Marijuana can also be found as Sinsemilla, the potent flowering tops of the female marijuana plant.
Commonly referred to as grass, pot, weed, Acapulco Gold, ganja, and smoke, marijuana is usually sold and stored in small plastic bags, aluminum foil, or small rolled cigarettes. Marijuana is usually smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes called "joints," and has a strong, pungent odor when smoked. Once the marijuana cigarette is partially smoked, it is often held by a small clip called a "roach clip." (Roach clips are made from many items, such as tweezers or electrical clips.) The leaves can also be smoked in small wooden pipes or water-filled pipes called "bongs." And finally, marijuana can also be blended into food, then cooked and eaten, most often in brownies.
Marijuana
Paraphernalia associated with marijuana includes pipes, bangs, rolling papers, plastic bags, roach clips, "stash boxes" (decorative boxes designed to conceal and store marijuana), and eye drops and breath fresheners used to cover up signs of use of the drug.

In low doses, marijuana can induce restlessness, a dreamy state of relaxation, red or bloodshot eyes, and increased appetite. Stronger doses can cause shifting sensory images, rapidly fluctuating emotions, a loss of self-identity, fantasies, and hallucinations or image distortions.
Heroin: The most dangerous and addictive narcotic is heroin. Addicts often resort to crimes such as burglary, grand theft, robbery, or prostitution to support their habits.
Sometimes called black tar, mud, smack, China white, or Mexican brown, heroin is derived from opium poppies. In its powder form, it may range in color from white to a very dark brown. The most popular form is a dark tar-like substance called black tar, which is sold in small foil or cellophane packets or in small toy balloons.

The most common use is by injection (called "mainlining" or "shooting"), but in it's powder form it can be inhaled through the nose or smoked. Paraphernalia for injecting heroin include hypodermic needles, small cotton balls used to strain the drug, and water and spoons or bottle caps used for "cooking" or liquefying the heroin. Paraphernalia for inhaling or smoking heroin includes razor blades, straws, rolled dollar bills, and pipes. The high from the drug usually lasts from four to six hours.

Cocaine
main source of
It is a white chunky powder and is often called coke, blow, white, snow, snort, flake, nose candy, hubba, or cane. It is sent most often in aluminum foil, plastic or paper packets, or small vials. It is usually chopped into a fine powder with a razor blade on a small mirror or some other hard surface, arranged into small rows called "lines," then quickly inhaled (or "snorted") through the nose with a short straw or rolled up paper money. It can also be injected into the blood stream.
The high from a typical inhaled dose lasts for about 20 minutes. During this time the user may appear very alert, confident, energetic, and stimulated; physical signs include dilated eyes and a runny nose, and little or no appetite. The high from cocaine is followed by profound depression, an intense desire for another dose of the drug, mental fatigue, restlessness, and irritability. An overdose can cause extreme agitation, respiratory failure, heart failure, or death.



Stimulants
Young people use stimulants to feel stronger, more energetic, and more decisive. Legally prescribed by doctors for weight loss, hyperactive children, or a rare disease called narcolepsy.

Examples - amphetamines, methamphetamines, Ritaline and Preludine. Cocaine and rock cocaine or crack, Ice.
Symptoms - seem exhilarated and hyperactive, dilated pupils, little or no appetite. Other symptoms may include irritability, anxiety, apprehension, and insomnia.
Large doses can cause repetitive grinding of the teeth, weight loss, touching and picking of the face, and paranoia. An overdose can result in dizziness, tremors, agitation, panic, hostility, abdominal cramps, chest pains and palpitations. Extreme overdoses can result in cardiac arrest, strokes or death.

The signs of withdrawal are profound depression, apathy, fatigue, long periods of sleep, a lingering impairment of perception, disorientation, and anxiety.

Depressants are often medically prescribed by doctors to treat anxiety, tension, insomnia, muscle spasms, and irritability.

Drugs included in this classification are chloral hydrate, barbiturates, glutethimide, methaqualone (Quaaludesr), benzodiazepines, and antianxiety or sedative drugs such as Valium, Miltown, and Equanil. These are produced in pill or capsule form.
User may appear to be in a state of intoxication much like that of alcohol, with impaired judment, inebriation, slurred speech, and loss of motor coordination. Other symptoms include a weak and rapid pulse, slow or rapid but shallow breathing, and cold and clammy skin.







AGENCIES INVOLVED IN CURBING THE ILLICIT TRADE
v CBN (Central Bureau of Narcotics)
v BSF (Border Security Force)
v CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation)
v State Police

v State Excise Dept.
v Joint Operations.
v Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
v Directorate of Rev. Intelligence (DRI)
v Customs & Central Excise.
v No State in the country is free from the use of Narcotic Drugs.

v It’s time for us to act and curb the menace, lest we have a race, which will be impotent and lost in the wilderness.






GOVERNMENT OF INDIA – MINISTRY OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT OF
REVENUE, NARCOTICS CONTROL BUREAU, NEW DELHI, THE 13TH June, 1989

STANDING ORDER NO. 1/89
(As modified vide NCB’s communication No. 1/13/9-NCB (Legd), dt.5-2-96)

“Whereas the Central Government considers it necessary and expedient to determine the manner in which the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. As specified in Notification No. 4/89 dated the 29th May, 1989 (F. No. 664/23/89-Opium, published as S.O. 381 (E)) which shall, as soon as may be, after their seizure, be disposed of, having regard to their hazardous nature, vulnerability to theft, substitution and constraints of proper storage space”.

Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of Section 52 A of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances act, 1985 (61 of 1985). (here in after referred to as ‘the Act’), the Central Government hereby determines that the drugs specified in the aforesaid Notification shall be disposed of in the following manner, namely:

Drugs specified in Notification No. 4/89.

Section – I
Drugs meant for disposal

1. Narcotic Drugs:

1) Opium
2) Morphine
3) Heroin
4) Ganja
5) Hashish (charas)
6) Codeine
7) The baine
8) Cocaine
9) Poppy straw; and
10) Any other manufactured drug, as defined under clause (xi) of Section 2 of the Act.

2. Psychotropic Substances:

1) Methaqualone
2) T.H.C
3) Amphetamine, and
4) Any other psychotropic substance, as defined under clause (xxiii) of Section 2 of the said Act.


Section – II
General Procedure for Sampling, Storage, etc.

2.1 Sampling, classification, etc., of drugs:- All drugs shall be properly classified, designed and sampled on the spot of seizure.

2.2 Drawal of samples:- All the packages / containers shall be serially numbered and kept in lots for sampling. Samples from the narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances seized, shall be drawn on the spot of recovery, in duplicate, in the presence of search witnesses (Panchas) and a mention to this effect should invariably be made in the panchanama drawn on the spot.

2.3 Quantity to be drawn for the sampling:- The quantity to be drawn in each sample for chemical test shall not be less than 5 grams in respect of all narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances save in the cases of opium, ganja and charas (hashish) where a quantity of 24 grams in each case is required for chemical test. The same quantities shall be taken for the duplicate sample also. The seized drugs in the packages / containers shall be well mixed to make it homogeneous and representative before the sample (in duplicate) is drawn.

2.4 Method of drawal (a) Single container / Package : In the case of seizure of a single package / container, one sample in duplicate shall be drawn. Normally, it is advisable to draw one sample (in duplicate) from each package/ container in case of seizure of more than one package / container.

2.5 (b) Bunch of Packages / Container:- However, when the packages/ containers seized together are of identical size and weight, bearing identical markings and the contents of each package given identical results on color test by the drug identification kit, conclusively indicating that the packages are identical in all respects, the packages/ containers may be carefully bunched in lots of 10 packages/containers except in the case of ganja and hashish (charas). Where it may be bunched in lots of 40 such packages/ containers. For each such lot of packages/containers, one sample (in duplicate) may be drawn.

2.6. Bunching for (i) Hashish and Ganja:- Where after making such lots, in the case of hashish and ganja, less than 20 packages / containers remain, and in the case of other drugs, less than 5 packages / containers remain, no bunching would be necessary and no samples need be drawn.

2.7. (ii) Other Drugs:- If such remainder is 5 or more in the case of other drugs and substances and 20 more in the case of ganja and hashish, one more sample (in duplicate) may be drawn for such remainder packages /containers.

2.8. Drawal of representative samples:- While drawing one sample (in duplicate) from a particular lot, it must be ensured that representative sample in equal quantity is taken from each package / container of that lot and mixed together to make a composite whole from which the samples re drawn for that lot.

2.9. Storage of samples – procedure :- The sample in duplicate should be kept in heat sealed plastic bags as it is convenient and safe. The plastic bag container should be kept in a paper envelope which may be sealed properly, such sealed envelope may be marked as original and duplicate. Both the envelopes should also hear the S.No. of the package(s) / container(s) from which the sample has been drawn. The duplicate envelope containing the sample will also have a reference of the test memo. The duplicate envelope containing the sample will also have a reference of the test memo. The seals should be legible. This envelope along with test memos should be kept in another envelope which should also be sealed and marked 'Secret-drug Sample / Test Memo', to be sent to the chemical laboratory concerned.

3.0 Despatch of samples for testing – To whom to be sent?:- The seizing officers of the Central Govt. Depts, viz., Customs, Central Excise, Central Bureau of Narcotics, Narcotics Control Bureau, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, etc., should despatch samples of the seized drugs to one of the Laboratories of the Central Revenues Control Laboratory nearest to their offices depending upon the availability of test facilities. The other Central Agencies like BSF, CBI and other Central Police Organisations may send such samples to the Director, Central Forensic Laboratory, New Delhi. All State Enforcement Agencies may send samples of seized drugs to the Director / Deputy Director / Assistant Director of their respective State Forensic Science Laboratory.

3.1 Preparation of Inventory : After sampling, detailed inventory of such packages / containers shall be prepared for being enclosed to the panchanama. Original wrappers shall also be preserved for evidentiary purposes.

Section – III
Receipt of Drug in Godowns and Procedure

3.2. Custody of drugs in godowns – storage procedure:- All drug shall in variably be stored in safes and vaults provided with double-locking system. Agencies of the Central and State governments, may specifically designate their godowns for storage purpose. The godowns should be selected keeping in view their security angle, juxtaposition of courts, etc.

3.3. Maintenance of godown and procedure for deposit of drugs:- such godowns, as a matter of rule, shall be placed under the over-all supervision and charge of a Gazetted Officer of the respective enforcement agency, who shall exercise utmost care, circumspection and personal as far as possible. Each seizing office shall deposit the drugs fully packed and sealed in the godown within 48 hours of such seizing, with a forwarding memo indicating NDPS Crime No. as per Crime and Prosecution (C&P Register) under the new law, name of the accused, reference of test memo, description of the drugs, total no. of packages/containers etc.

3.4 Acknowledgement to be obtained:- The seizing officer, after obtaining an acknowledgement for such deposit in the format (Annexure-I), shall hand over such acknowledgement to the investigating officer of the case along with the case dossiers for further proceedings.

3.5 Action to be taken by Godown –in-charge before acceptance of drugs for deposit:- The Officer –in-Charge of the godown, before accepting the deposit of drugs, shall ensure that the same are properly packed and sealed. He shall also arrange the packages / containers) (case-wise and lot-wise) for quick retrieval, etc.

3.6 Maintenance of godown register:- The godown-in-charge is required to maintain a register wherein entries of receipt should be made as per format at Annexure – II.

3.7 Inspection by Inspecting Officers:- It shall be incumbent upon the Inspecting Officers of the various Departments mentioned at Annexure-II to make frequent visits to the godowns for ensuring adequate security and safety and for taking measure for timely disposal of drugs. The Inspecting officers should record their remarks/observations against Col. 15 of the Formal at Annexure – II.

3.8 Prescription of periodical reports and returns:- The Heads of the respective enforcement agencies (both Central and State Government) may prescribe such periodical reports and returns, as they may deem fit. to monitor the safe receipt, deposit, storage, accounting and disposal of seized drugs.

* * *
DRUG TRAFFICKING
(CHAPTER 30, PSO 539 (P.564 to 571) of APPM – Part-I, Vol.II)

539-1. The offences under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act 1985 are heinous in nature and directly or indirectly amount to poisoning large number of people to ultimate death. This crime is a serious threat to the life of the victims and poses a danger to society at large. The Police Agencies all over the world are fighting this crime. As a result of UN Conventions on the issues relating to drugs several countries have brought about more or less similar legislations to deal with this crime. The NDPS Act has replaced the Opium Act and the Dangerous Drugs Act. The Act has provided for deterrent punishment by providing for imprisonment up to 20 years and fine up to Rs. 2 lakhs. Section 35 provides for presumption of culpable mental state on the part of accused from whose possession narcotic drugs are seized. Several departments are empowered to deal with these cases including the police. The offences under this Act are cognizable and non-bailable.

A. All first class Magistrates and all Gazetted officers of departments empowered to deal with these cases are competent to search any suspected premises either by themselves or issue warrants to persons above the rank of an attender or a constable for search.

B. In cases of emergency, the persons who are entitled to search by virtue of warrant issued by those Gazetted officers are competent to search even without a warrant but should report searches and seizure if any immediately to such officers competent to issue warrants.

C. But for the special procedure for investigation provided in the Act, the police have to adopt the same procedure as laid down in Chapter 12 of CrPC.

D. There are two different procedures for searches and seizures. While the search of premises is to be carried out as laid down above, different procedure is prescribed for search of persons. When a person is to be searched, he must be informed in writing whether he would like to be searched by the police officer conducting the search or in the presence of a Gazetted officer or a Magistrate (section 50). If he opts for taking him to a Gazetted officer or a Magistrate, the person conducting the search can detain him till such time.

E. Any Gazetted officer or any person entrusted with the warrant by a Gazetted officer or when such person in case of emergency conducts search without warrants, if the above persons are not SHOs, they shall forward the arrested person and the material seized without un-necessary delay to the officer in charge of the nearest police station (section 52) and the officer in charge shall take charge of and keep in safe custody such articles pending the orders of a magistrate (section 55). The arrested person shall be re-arrested and forwarded to the nearest magistrate for remand (section 43 Cr.P.C).

F. The failure on the part of the officer in charge of the police station to follow the above procedure (order 680-1-5) or refusal to take charge of such person or material will render him liable for punishment up to one year or fine or both (section 59 NDPS Act)

2. Sections 15 to 32 of the NDPS Act lay down the punishments for various offences. Most offences except possession of small quantity for personal consumption are punishable with minimum of 10 years and a maximum of 20 years of imprisonment. Section 27, which deal with possession of small quantity for personal consumption has lesser punishment. The thrust of the Act is on trafficking, which include cultivation, manufacture, transport, export and import of the drugs and their distribution. The Act also provides for forfeiture of property derived from, used in, illicit traffic in narcotics for which detailed procedure has been laid down in sections 68-A to 68-Y. Section 52-A permits disposal of seized property after taking an inventory and photographs which can be accepted as evidence as they are certified by the concerned Magistrate.

3. The most important point to be proved in all cases of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is possession of the drug. Any omission or non-compliance with the legal requirements laid down in the search or seizure will vitiate the proceedings and may result in acquittal of the accused. Whether it is transport, distribution or cultivation or manufacture, it is the possession of the drug that has to be proved by the prosecution. Even preparation, attempt, abetment and conspiracy relating to these drugs are also punishable. The Act also provides for enhanced punishments for subsequent offences.

Guidelines issued by the Narcotics Control Bureau, New Delhi

540. Some of the mandatory provisions and points to be remembered are indicated below:

1. A gist of information received should be incorporated in the Police Station records and the same should be intimated to the immediate superior officer and also entered in the Station House general diary.

2. The accused should be informed about the grounds of his arrest as in all other cases of arrest (section 52 CrPC).

3. Report of arrest and seizure should be forwarded to the immediate superior officer within 48 hours under acknowledgement. All these records are required to be produced in court before trial.

4. Since the prosecution has to prove possession of the drugs beyond doubt before any presumption can be raised, it is necessary to follow the guidelines given below in the matter relating to raid or search by the Police Officers.

5-A. All officers deployed for search should carry their Identity Card.

B. There should be a prior planning including survey of the place where the search has to be undertaken.

C. The officer-in-charge of the search should deploy his officers in such a manner that all the entrances/exits are properly guarded.

D. All incoming telephone calls should be received by the searching officers only. No person within the premises should be allowed to talk on phone with any person outside.

E. Immediately on entering the premises, the occupants should be instructed not to converse with each other.

F. The searching officers should examine every document and record and decide its worth for purposes of recovery and seizure.

G. Samples should be drawn as per the procedure prescribed.

H. The documents/records to be seized should be numbered serially and a brief description of the file/records and the period to which it belongs should be mentioned in the Panchnama.

I. The statements of the persons concerned should be recorded on the date of search itself lest the party tutor them. For this purpose, a brief and immediate scrutiny of the records/documents should be done.

J. Soon after the commencement of the search the contact telephone number of the party should be given to the officer who is monitoring the search/raid. He should be apprised of the commencement of the search and its progress from time to time and the important material that has come to notice till then. Before withdrawal from the search, as far as possible, clearance from the same officer should be taken unless the search party has already briefed him in this regard.

K. All papers including search warrant (executed) and the Panchnama, the initial intelligence and other papers given before proceeding on search should be returned to the person who issued the warrant.

L. Search / Raid party should invariably carry with them a drug identification / testing kit and should also have kit bag containing certain essentials like, screw driver, torch, flash light, mirror, walkie talkie, binocular, night vision devices, hand cuff, seal, sealing materials, emergency medical kit etc.

Points to be noted while recording Panchnama

541-1. Name, occupation, age and address of Panch.
2. Time, date and place of proceedings.
3. Reason for search
4. Authority for search
5. Identify yourself by showing Identity Card, mention the same in Panchnama.
6. Mention names of a few other officers included in the search party.
7. Offer personal search of each member
8. Mention presence of the occupants of the premises/person to be searched.
9. Mention description of place to be searched.
10. Give graphic description of the search operation e.g., who opened the suitcase, who had the key, from where the incriminating documents or contraband was recovered, how it was concealed etc.
11. Test drugs with field testing kit and mention results.
12. Mention where and how the weighment of contraband goods was done. Give gross weight, net weight.
13. Mention value of contraband to be seized.
14. Mention number of samples drawn and their weight, what identification marks were given to contraband samples and documents proposed to be seized/taken over.
15. Mention time of conclusion of Panchanama.
16. Offer personal search on conclusion of search before leaving the place of search.
17. Take photographs, finger prints wherever possible.
18. Mention money and valuables given back to the person searched or seal them for handing over later in the court.
19. Seal contraband and exhibits mentioning seal No.
20. Take signature of Panchas, officer writing the Panchnama and the person being searched on lables pasted on contraband, exhibits and documents.
21. Mention provisions of law under which the seizure was done.
22. Mention any important event taking place during search e.g., arrival of more officers or persons etc.
23. Give a copy of Panchnama to the persons searched and obtain receipt from him.

542. Procedure of drawal, storage, testing and disposal of samples from seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

1. All illicit narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances recovered from a person, place, conveyance etc. are liable to confiscation (sections 60 to 63 NDPS Act). Further, they constitute important evidence for any act, omission or commission on the part of a person rendering him liable for punishment under Chapter IV of the NDPS Act, 1985. Most of the narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances cannot be conclusively proved to be such drug or substance merely by visual examination in the trial Court and hence the drugs seized should be sent for chemical examination to FSL. The disposal of the confiscated goods should be as per the orders of the court.

2. If the drugs seized are found in packages/containers the same should be serially numbered for purposes of identification. In case the drugs are found in loose form the same should be arranged to be packed in unit container of uniform size and serial numbers should be assigned to each package/container. Besides the serial number, the gross and net weight, particulars of the drug and the date of seizure should invariably be indicated on the packages. In case sufficient space is not available for recording the above information on the package, a Card Board Label, should be affixed with the seal of the seizing officer and the above details should be recorded.

Place and time of drawl of sample

3. Samples from the narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances seized, must be drawn at the place of recovery, in duplicate, in the presence of search (Panch) witnesses and the person from whose possession the drug is recovered and a mention to this effect shall invariably be made in the panchanama drawn on the spot.

Quantity of different drugs required in the sample

4. The quantity to be drawn in each sample for chemical test should be 5 grams in respect of all narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances except in the cases of Opium, Ganja and Charas/Hashish where a quantity of 24 grams in each case is required for chemical test. The same quantities should be taken for the duplicate sample also. The seized drugs in the package/containers should be mixed well to make it homogeneous and representative before the sample in duplicate is drawn.
Number of samples to be drawn in each seizure case

5-A. In the case of seizure of a single package/container one sample in duplicate is to be drawn. It is advisable to draw one sample in duplicate from each package/container in case of seizure of more than one package/container.
B. However, when the package/containers seized together are of identical size and weight, bearing identical markings and the contents of each package give identical results on colour test by UN kit, conclusively indicating that the packages are identical in all respects, the packages/container may be carefully bunched in lots of 10 packages/containers. In case of seizure of Ganja and Hashish, the packages/containers may be bunched in lots of 40. For each lot of packages/containers, one sample in duplicate may be drawn.

C. After making such lots, in the case of Hashish and Ganja, if less than 20 packages/containers remain, and in case of other drugs less than 5 packages/containers remain, no bunching would be necessary and no samples need be drawn.

D. If it is 5 or more in case of other drugs and substances and 20 or more in case of Ganja and Hashish, one more sample in dulicate may be drawn for such remaining package/containers.

E. While drawing one sample in duplicate from a particular lot, it must be ensured that representative drug in equal quantity is taken from each package/container of that lot and mixed together to make a composite whole from which the samples are drawn for that lot.

Numbering of packages/containers

6-A. Subject to the detailed procedure of identification of packages/ containers, as indicated, each package/container should be securely sealed and an identification slip pasted/attached on each one of them at such place and in such manner as will avoid easy obliteration of the marks and numbers on the slip. Where more than one sample is drawn, each sample should also be serially numbered and marked as S-1, S-2, S-3 and so on, on both the samples. It should carry the serial number of the packages and marked as P-1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.

B. All samples must be drawn and sealed in the presence of the accused, search witnesses and seizing officer and all of them shall be required to put their signatures on each sample. The official seal of the seizing officer should also be affixed. If the person, from whose custody the drugs have been recovered, wants to put his own seal on the sample, the same may be allowed on both the samples.

Packaging and Sealing of Samples

7-A. The sample in duplicate should be kept in neat sealed plastic bags, as it is convenient and safe. The plastic bag container should be kept in paper envelope, properly marked as original or duplicate. Both the envelopes should also bear the S.No. of the package(s) container(s) from which the sample has been drawn. The duplicate envelope containing the sample will also have a reference of the test memo. The seals should be legible. This envelope along with test memos should be kept in another envelope, which should also be sealed and marked “Secret-Drug Sample/Test memo” to be sent to the FSL.

B. All drugs should be properly classified, carefully weighed and samples drawn on the spot of seizure.
C. After sampling, detailed inventory of such packages/containers should be prepared for being enclosed to the Panchanama, Original wrappers must also be preserved for evidentiary purposes.

D. After completion of panchanama, the drugs should be packed, in heat sealed plastic bags. For bulk quantities of ganja, instead of plastic bags, gunny bags may be utilised.

8-A Agencies of the Central and State Government, who are vested with the powers of investigation under the law, specifically designate their godowns for storage purposes.

B. All drugs must invariably be stored in safes and vaults provided with double-locking system. Such godowns, as a matter of rule, be placed under the overall supervision and charge of a Gazetted Officer of the respective enforcement agency, who should exercise utmost care, circumspection and personal supervision, as far as possible. Such officers should not be below the rank of Superintendent in the Departments of Customs, Central Excise, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Narcotics Control Bureau, CBI, BSF, and station house officer/officer in charge of a Police Station. Superintendent of State Excise, MRO, Drug Inspector of Drug Control Department, etc. in the states and enforcement agencies in Union Territories. They will personally be held accountable for safety and security of the drugs. Each seizing officer should deposit the drugs fully packed and sealed with his seal in the godown within 48 hours of seizure of such drugs, with a forwarding memo indicating Crime Number, name(s) of accused, test memo reference, description of drugs in the sealed packages/containers and other goods, if any, drug-wise quantity in each package/container, drug-wise number of packages/containers and total number of all packages/containers.


C. The seizing officer, after obtaining an acknowledgement for such deposit in the format (Annexure-I), will hand over the same to the investigating officer of the case along with the case file for further proceedings.

D. The officer-in-charge of the godown, before accepting deposit of drugs, will ensure that the drugs are properly packed and sealed. He will also arrange the packages/containers (case-wise and lot-wise) for quick retrieval etc.

E. The godown in-charge is required to maintain a register wherein entries of receipt should be made.

F. It will be incumbent upon the Inspecting Officers of the various departments mentioned to make visit to the godowns for ensuring adequate security and safety and for taking measures for timely disposal of drugs. The Inspecting Officers should record their remarks/observations.
G. The Heads of respective enforcement agencies (both Central and State Governments) may prescribe such periodical reports and returns, as they may deem fit, to monitor the safe receipt, deposit, storage, accounting and disposal of seized drugs.

9-A. Since the early disposal of drugs assumes utmost importance, the enforcement agencies should obtain orders for pre-trial disposal of drugs and other articles (including conveyance, if any) by having recourse to the provisions of Section 451 of the CrPC, 1973.

B. While preferring the application under Section 451 before the Court of Session, emphasis may be laid on ‘expediency of disposal’. The grounds that may be highlighted pertain to.

· Risk of pilferage, theft and substitution
· vulnerability for abuse
· High temptations to traffickers
· diminution in the value of other articles (including conveyances) due to long storage, etc.

C. Since the filing of charge sheet is a condition precedent for expeditious issue of orders for pre-trial disposal, charge sheet should be filed within the stipulated period of 90 days of seizure/arrest, on a priority basis. This should meticulously be adhered to.



D. While moving the application under section 451 of the criminal procedure code as above, production of all seized/articles/drugs, etc., along with the panchanama (in original) and detailed inventory there of is essential. The inventory should be complete in all respects and contain such particulars as may be relevant to establish nexus/identity of articles. The chemical analysis report should also be simultaneously filed.

E. After the court orders are passed for pre-trial disposal of drugs, those drugs which have no legitimate commercial value (excepting opium, morphine, codeine and the baine, which are required to be transferred to the Government Opium and Alkaloid Works Undertaking at Ghazipur or Neemuch, as the case may be) are required to be destroyed consistent with the guidelines issued under this order and in accordance with the Court’s order.

* * *
DRUG TRAFFICKING

(CHAPTER 31, PSO 566 (P.619 to 620) of APPM – Part-I, Vol.II)

566-1.
2. Nature of physical evidence received by the section, nature of examinations conducted and type of analytical information laboratory can provide is given below.
Sl. No.
Nature of Physical Evidence
Nature of Examination conducted
Type of analytical information laboratory can provide
1.
Illicit distilled liquor
a) Physical Examination
b) Chemical Tests
c) Steam distillation
d) Instrumental Methods of Analysis.
a) Whether any alcohol/higher alcohol are detected
b) Composition of alcohol
c) Whether it is adulterated or mixed with any other poison.
d) Quantitative estimation where it is positive.
2.
Toddy and toddy adulterants
a) Physical Examination
b) Chemical Tests
c) Steam distillation
d) Instrumental Methods of Analysis.
a) Whether any alcohol/sedative /chloral hydrate is detected
b) Composition of alcohol
c) Whether it is adulterated or mixed with any other poison
d) Quantitative estimation where it is positive.
3.
Plant materials
a) Physical Examination
b) Chemical Test
c) Steam distillation
d) Instrumental Methods of Analysis.
a) Whether any plant alkaloids like ganja, opium and other narcotic drugs detected.
b) Nature of the poison.
c) Quantitative estimation where it is positive.
4.
Tablets etc.
a) Physical Examination
b) Chemical Tests
c) Steam distillation
d) Instrumental Methods of Analysis.
a) Whether any narcotic drugs/psychotropic substance is detected.
b) Nature of the poison.
c) Quantitative estimation where it is positive.

Guidelines for proper collection of samples for Narcotic Examination
3. The quantity to be drawn in each sample for chemical test shall not be less than 5 grams in respect of all narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances except in the case of opium, ganja and charas (hashish) where a quantity of 24 grams in each case is required for chemical test. The seized drugs in the packages/containers should be thoroughly mixed to make it homogeneous and representative sample is drawn from it.

LETTER OF ADVICE

Form No. 82 Order No.692

Forwarding a material object to an expert :

1. Name of the Police Station, Crime :
Number, Section of Law under which
The case is to be charged.

2. Number of persons or animals affected :

3. Number of deaths, if any. :

4. A brief history of the case with details as :
To the motive for the offence when,
Where and how the offence was committed
And other relevant particulars connected
with the crime.

5. A list of articles forwarded for examination :
With a brief description of each article and
From where and in what condition it was
Recovered.

6. The exact nature of examination required :
To be made on each of the articles sent.

7. Whether any of the articles are to be :
Returned after examination.

8. A brief description of the mode of package :
And through whom and how the parcel is
Sent. It should be stated whether the articles
Are being sent through messenger or by post
And if the messenger is a P.C., his name and
Number should be stated and he should be
Directed to appear in uniform when
Presenting the article.

9. A sample seal used in sealing the articles :
on the outermost covering.

Station : S.I. of Police
Date : (Investigating Officer)
DRAWAL OF SAMPLES
SYNOPSIS

1. Necessity to prove the presence of narcotic drug or psychotropic substance by analytical test carried
out by a qualified analyst
2. Need for sealing contraband article/sample to be ~ sent to laboratory.
3. Sanctity of sealing process
4. e‑sealing of sample ‑ effect of
5. Link
6. Link evidence produced in the form of affidavit
7. Link evidence should be put before the accused during examination under section 313 of the Code ,,
8. Report of the chemical examiner to establish identity of the sample
9. Name of the suspected drug should not be mentioned while dispatching sample to Forensic Science Laboratory
10. Failure to preserve samples for examination by Forensic Science Laboratory is fatal on the part of the prosecution
11. Need for mixing up the contents of all the packets before drawing sample
12. Quantity of sample to be drawn
13. Sending of CFSL form to the Laboratory
14. Sending of specimen seal to the Laboratory ‑ importance of
15. Drawal of samples at the spot of seizure by the investigating officer in the absence of SHO
16. Samples drawn not at the, spot, of seizure ‑ consequences.
17. Drawal of two samples
18. Necessity to hand over the seal used by the seizing officer to a third person forthwith
19. Need to deposit the used seal in the malkhana
20. Sample and the seal kept in the custody of the seizing officer for quite some time
21. Absence of entry in the malkhana register
22. Delay in sending the samples
23. Immediately after the order of the Court, the sample should be sent for analysis
24. Evidence regarding sending of samples
25. Discrepancy in the number of samples received by the Laboratory
26. Discrepancy in the weight of samples
27. Discrepancy in the description of the container of the sample
28. Discrepancy in the number of seals sent to the FSL
29. Discrepancy in the description of the marking of the sample
30. Evidence has to be adduced to prove at that what was seized alone was sent to the chemical examiner
31. Drawal of second sample for analysis
32. Sample taken under section 52A can be sent for obtaining a fresh report
33. Need to send the sample to Court
34. Packets/covers in which samples were kept are to be returned to the Court
35. Application of the provisions of section 52A
36. Application of sampling procedure under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
37. Guidelines issued by the Narcotics Control Bureau regarding drawal etc of samples ‑ application of
38. Non‑observance of rules regarding sampling and storage ‑ effect of

TESTING OF SAMPLES BY LABORATORIES
SYNOPSIS
1. Introductory
2. Testing of biological samples
3. Testing of drug samples
4. Other techniques used
5. Detection of other drugs
6. Screening or colour tests
7. Evidentiary value of the admission of the accused about possession of contraband
8. Link
9. Analysis of representative sample ‑applicability to the entire lot of seized contraband
10. Report of the Chemical Examiner weight of the sample not mentioned validity
11. Discrepancy in the weight of the sample
12. Discrepancy in description of the colour of the sample
13. Need to indicate the, percentage of ,the drug in the sample
14. Need to indicate the definition under which the drug falls
15. Chemical composition to be given correctly
16. Cryptic reports of analysis
17. Report submitted after filing of charge sheet
18. Examination of Chemical Examiner
19. Chemical Examiner who is not mentioned in section 293 of Code
20. "Chemical Examiner" for the purpose of examination of samples under the Act
21. Tendering the report of the Chemical Examiner in evidence
22. Duties of a Chemical Examiner
23. Overwriting on the report
24. Negative report of Chemical Examiner
Drugs of Abuse
STREET NAMES EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON HUMAN BODY SYMPTOMS
Smt. Sharada Avadhanam
Name/
Street name
Brief
Description / forms
Effects
Acid (LSD)
Acid, blotter
Strongest mood-changing drugs. It is sold as tablets, capsules, liquid, or on absorbent paper
Unpredictable psychological effects. With large enough doses, users experience delusions and visual hallucinations. Physical effects include increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure; sleeplessness; and loss of appetite.
Club Drugs
XTC, X (MDMA); Special K, Vitamin K (ketamine); liquid ecstasy, soap (GHB); roofies (Rohypnol).
Typically used by teenagers and young adults at bars, clubs, concerts, and parties. The most common club drugs include Ecstasy (MDMA), GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine, methamphetamine, and acid (LSD).
Chronic use of MDMA may lead to changes in brain function. GHB abuse can cause coma and seizures. High doses of ketamine can cause delirium, amnesia, and other problems. Mixed with alcohol, Rohypnol can incapacitate users and cause amnesia.
Cocaine
Coke, snow, flake, blow

A powerfully addictive drug that is snorted, sniffed, injected, or smoked. Crack is cocaine that has been processed from cocaine hydrochloride to a free base for smoking.

A powerfully addictive drug, cocaine usually makes the user feel euphoric and energetic. Common health effects include heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, and seizures. Large amounts can cause bizarre and violent behavior. In rare cases, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter.

Ecstasy/MDMA
XTC, X, Adam, hug, beans, love drug.

A human-made drug that acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. It is taken orally as a capsule or tablet.
Short-term effects include feelings of mental stimulation, emotional warmth, enhanced sensory perception, and increased physical energy. Adverse health effects can include nausea, chills, sweating, teeth clenching, muscle cramping, and blurred vision.
Heroin
Smack, H,
ska, junk,

An addictive drug that is processed from morphine and usually appears as a white or brown powder.

Short-term effects include a surge of euphoria followed by alternately wakeful and drowsy states and cloudy mental functioning. Associated with fatal overdose and- particularly in users who inject the drug-infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Long-term users may develop collapsed veins, liver disease, and lung complications.
Inhalants
Whippets, poppers, snappers.


Breathable chemical vapors that users intentionally inhale because of the chemicals” mind-altering effects. The substances inhaled are often common household products that contain volatile solvents or aerosols
Most inhalants produce a rapid high that resembles alcohol intoxication. If sufficient amounts are inhaled, nearly all solvents and gases produce anesthesia, a loss of sensation, and even unconsciousness.
Marijuana
Pot, ganja, weed, grass

The most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S. The main active chemical is THC

Short-term effects include memory and learning problems, distorted perception, and difficulty thinking and solving problems.

Methamphetamine
Speed, meth, chalk, ice, crystal, glass
An addictive stimulant that is closely related to amphetamine, but has longer lasting and more toxic effects on the central nervous system. It has a high potential for abuse and addiction.
Increases wakefulness and physical activity and decreases appetite. Chronic, long-term use can lead to psychotic behavior, hallucinations, and stroke.
PCP/Phencyclidine
Angel dust, ozone, wack, rocket fuel
Illegally manufactured in labs and sold as tablets, capsules, or colored powder. It can be snorted, smoked, or eaten. Developed in the 1950s as an IV anesthetic, PCP was never approved for human use because of problems during clinical studies, including intensely negative psychological effects.

Many PCP users are brought to emergency rooms because of overdose or because of the drug’s unpleasant psychological effects. In a hospital or detention setting, people high on PCP often become violent or suicidal.

Prescription Medications
Commonly used opioids include oxycodone (OxyContin), propoxyphene (Darvon), hydrocodone (Vicodin), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), and diphenoxylate (Lomotil). Common central nervous system depressants include barbiturates such as pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal), and benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Stimulants include dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) and methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Prescription drugs that are abused or used for nonmedical reasons can alter brain activity and lead to dependence. Commonly abused classes of prescription drugs include opioids (often prescribed to treat pain), central nervous system depressants (often prescribed to treat anxiety and sleep disorders), and stimulants (prescribed to treat narcolepsy, ADHD, and obesity).
Long-term use of opioids or central nervous system depressants can lead to physical dependence and addiction. Taken in high doses, stimulants can lead to compulsive use, paranoia, dangerously high body temperatures, and irregular heartbeat.

Steroids (Anabolic)

Human-made substances related to male sex hormones. Some athletes abuse anabolic steroids to enhance performance. Abuse of anabolic steroids can lead to serious health problems, some of which are irreversible.

Major side effects can include liver tumors and cancer, jaundice, high blood pressure, kidney tumors, severe acne, and trembling. In males, side effects may include shrinking of the testicles and breast development. In females, side effects may include growth of facial hair, menstrual changes, and deepened voice. In teenagers, growth may be halted prematurely and permanently.
Smoking/Nicotine

One of the most heavily used addictive drugs
Nicotine is highly addictive. The tar in cigarettes increases a smoker’s risk of lung cancer, emphysema, and bronchial disorders. The carbon monoxide in smoke increases the chance of cardiovascular diseases. Secondhand smoke causes lung cancer in adults and greatly increases the risk of respiratory illnesses in children.
alcohol

Men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or 4 drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day.


Twenty five percent of prison inmates have history of alcohol abuse or dependence.

Alcohol misuse = large role in domestic violence and DWI offenses

40 percent of prisoners = domestic violence dispute involving alcohol ,
Two-thirds DWI offenders alcohol dependent.
Routine alcohol screening of all offenders will help.
CAGE
· C -cut down on your drinking need
· A annoyed people.
· G guilty feeling
· E Eye opener for hangover

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
1. How often
2. How many
3. How often six or more
4. How often cannot stop
5. How often failed to discharge duty
6. How often first drink in morning
7. How often guilt or remorse
8. How often unable to remember last night
9. Have injured others
10. friend concerned
----------
T-ACE

T Tolerance: How many = high?
· A people annoyed
· C cut down need
· E Eye opener:


IMPORTANT PHONE NUMBERS

I. Sri Shankar Jiwal IPS. : Off - 044 – 24911482,
Zonal Director Fax – 044-24910937
Dept of Revenue, Cell – 94449-14828
Narcotic Control Bureau, 044-24912718
South Zonal Unit, 93821-97110
C-3A, Rajaji Bhavan,
Basant Nagar, Chennai
Pin : 600 090.


II. Competent Authority – New Delhi (for forfeitured Assets)
Smt. Archana Ranjan, IRS
Competent Authority & Administrator, : Fax : 011-24616379
GOI, Min. of Finance,
9th Floor, Lok Nayak Bhavan,
Khan Market,
New Delhi – 110 003.


III. Competent Authority - Chennai (for forfeitured Assets)
Sri S. Ravi, IRS,
Competent Authority & Administrator,
UTSAV, No. 64/1, G.N. Chetty Road,
‘T’ Nagar, Chennai – 600 017.


IV. Supdt. of Police (Narcotics Cell),
CID, Andhra Pradesh
Hyderabad … 23232289
Website address :


v. K. Raghavan ,
NCB, CHENNAI 9444914824

Date rape drugs

item
rohypnol
GHB
KETAMINE
NAME
Flunitrazepam

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate)
KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION,
USP

CHEMICAL
NAMES
Rohypnol, clinically known as flunitrazepam and perhaps more well-known as Roofies, has the chemical formula, C16H12FN3O3 and chemical name, 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. Rohypnol belongs to the family of medications called benzodiazepines which includes Valium (diazepam), Librium (chlorodiazepoxide) and Xanax (alprazolam). Benzodiazepines (BDZ) are a class of anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and sedative-hypnotic drugs, designed to reduce anxiety and nervousness, prevent convulsions, and produce a relaxed state
Flunitrazepam (trade name Rohypnol) is a sedative in tablet form . It came in 5 mg, 2 mg, and 1 mg sizes, Now in 1 mg.

4-Hydroxybutanoic acid .
ALTERNATE CHEMICAL NAMES : Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; 4-hydroxybutyrate; GHB
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C4H8O3
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 104.11
LD50 (of sodium-GHB): 2,000 mg/kg (male rats), 1,650 mg/kg (female rats) i.p.

Ketamine hydrochloride is a non-barbiturate anesthetic chemically designated
(±)-2-(o-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone hydrochloride. It is formulated as a slightly acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) sterile solution for intravenous or intramuscular injection in concentrations containing the equivalent of 50 mg ketamine base per milliliter and contains
not more than 0.1 mg/mL benzethonium chloride added as a preservative.
Ketamine hydrochloride has the following structural formula:
Molecular Formula: C13H16ClNO • HCl
Molecular Weight: 274.19

STRUCTURAL FORMULA
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USE
Often dropped into beverages in tablet form, Rohypnol is a potent and fast-acting sedative that dissolves rapidly, leaving no detectable taste, color or odor.
Like other benzodiazepines (such as Valium, Librium, Xanax, and Halcion), flunitrazepam's pharmacological effects include sedation, muscle relaxation, reduction in anxiety, and prevention of convulsions. However, flunitrazepam's sedative effects are approximately 7 to 10 times more potent than diazepam (Valium)
Gamma Hydroxy Butyrate (C4H8O3) is a fast acting central nervous system depressant. It is a colorless, odorless liquid with a salty taste, but it is also used in Powder and Capsule form. GHB is an illegal substance but it is increasingly used as a recreational and hallucinogen. Gamma Hydroxy Butyrate was originally developed in the early 1960's to be used as an anesthetic, but was discontinued due to unwanted side effects. In the 1980's it was determined to be a useful sleep aid and as a body building supplement. In the 1990's the compound was used s a recreational psychoactive drug. *(V) GHB and its main ingredient, GBL, are known as "date-rape drugs," but a better term would simply be "rape drugs." GHB and GBL are simple substances. GHB, or gamma hydroxybutyrate, is usually a liquid but can be a powder. It's made up of lye or drain- cleaner mixed with GBL, or gamma butyrolactone, an industrial solvent often used to strip floors. Experts say GBL converts into GHB once ingested.
Ketamine is a rapid-acting general anesthetic producing an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal
reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression.
A patent airway is maintained partly by virtue of unimpaired pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes
HOW IT WORKS
I. Pharmacokinetics
II. Benzodiazepine (similar to Versed)
III. Relative potency to Valium: 10 fold more potent
IV. Typical Dosages: 1-2 mg
V. Onset effect 20-30 minutes
VI. Peak effect 1-2 hours
VII. Sedative Effect after 2 mg tab: 6-8 hours
VIII. Duration longer when combined with alcohol or drugs
IX. Dissolves in frothy drinks (Daiquiri, Margarita)

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a natural constituent of the mammalian brain, where hippocampal receptors can be isolated (2). In the brain, it is synthesized from gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In much higher concentrations, it is also present in peripheral tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, the heart, and the kidneys (3). Among other things, GHB interferes with dopamine (DA) transmission by significantly increasing DA output (4). An increase in DA output probably plays a significant role in the rewarding response from morphine and alcohol; and, indeed, GHB has shown the capacity to suppress opiate and alcohol withdrawal syndromes (5, 6) that are characterized by severe inhibition of DA output. GHB may also facilitate the release of growth hormone (GH) by facilitating the slow-wave sleep pattern during which GH release is normally it its peak
The biotransformation of ketamine includes N-dealkylation (metabolite I), hydroxylation of the cyclohexone ring (metabolites III and IV), conjugation
with glucuronic acid and dehydration of the hydroxylated metabolites to form the cyclohexene derivative (metabolite II).
DOSAGE
Rohypnol is a tasteless and odorless drug and, until recent manufacturer efforts, dissolved clear in liquid, which masked its presence. Rohypnol comes in pill form and is usually sold in the manufacturer’s bubble packaging,
The usage of GHB varies depending on whether the compound is in powder form or in liquid form. In its powdered form a dosage between 1-3 g is taken. Frequent users who have built up a tolerance will talk up to 4-5 g in a single dosage. If GHB is in its liquid form the "normal" dosage should be either one teaspoon or 1 capful.
Onset and Duration
Because of rapid induction following the initial intravenous injection, the
patient should be in a supported position during administration.
The onset of action of ketamine is rapid; an intravenous dose of 2 mg/kg
(1 mg/lb) of body weight usually produces surgical anesthesia within
30 seconds after injection, with the anesthetic effect usually lasting five
to ten minutes. If a longer effect is desired, additional increments can be
administered intravenously or intramuscularly to maintain anesthesia
without producing significant cumulative effects.
Intramuscular doses, from experience primarily in children, in a range of
9 to 13 mg/kg (4 to 6 mg/lb) usually produce surgical anesthesia within
3 to 4 minutes following injection, with the anesthetic effect usually lasting
12 to 25 minutes.
EFFECTS ON HUMANS
I. Effects
II. Lower dose (1-2 mg)
III. Relaxes skeletal muscle and impairs motor skills
IV. Reduces inhibitions and impairs judgment
V. Reduces anxiety
VI. Higher dose
VII. Appears Drunk
VIII. Dizziness
IX. Confusion
X. Amnestic effect (variable, may be over 24 hours)
XI. Loss or Altered Level of Consciousness


Effects
Rohypnol can be ingested orally, snorted, or injected. It is often combined with alcohol or used as a remedy for the depression that follows a stimulant high. The effects of Rohypnol begin within 15 to 20 minutes of administration and, depending on the amount ingested, may persist for more than 12 hours. The drug’s metabolic properties are detectable in urine for up to 72 hours after ingestion.
Under Rohypnol, individuals may experience a slowing of psychomotor performance, muscle relaxation, decreased blood pressure, sleepiness, and/or amnesia. Some of the adverse side effects associated with the drug’s use are drowsiness, headaches, memory impairment, dizziness, nightmares, confusion, and tremors. Although classified as a depressant, Rohypnol can induce aggression and/or excitability.
Flunitrazepam causes partial amnesia; individuals are unable to remember certain events that they experienced while under the influence of the drug. This effect is particularly dangerous when flunitrazepam is used to aid in the commission of sexual assault; victims may not be able to clearly recall the assault, the assailant, or the events surrounding the assault. It is difficult to estimate just how many flunitrazepam-facilitated rapes have occurred in the United States. Very often, biological samples are taken from the victim at a time when the effects of the drug have already passed and only residual amounts remain in the body fluids. These residual amounts are difficult, if not impossible, to detect using standard screening assays available in the United States. If flunitrazepam exposure is to be detected at all, urine samples need to be collected within 72 hours and subjected to sensitive analytical tests. The problem is compounded by the onset of amnesia after ingestion of the drug, which causes the victim to be uncertain about the facts surrounding the rape. This uncertainty may lead to critical delays or even reluctance to report the rape and to provide appropriate biological samples for toxicology testing. If a person suspects that he or she is the victim of a flunitrazepam-facilitated rape, he or she should get medical testing for flunitrazepam immediately.
Use for theft
that up to 2000 men and women are robbed each year after being spiked with powerful sedatives [3], making drug-assisted robbery a more common problem than drug-assisted rape. It is used by high school students, college students, street gang members, rave party attendees, and heroin and cocaine users (who call a dose of rohypnol a 'roofie') to produce profound intoxication, boost the high of heroin, and modulate the effects of cocaine. Methamphetamine users take the drug to counter meth's side-effects (sleeplessness, paranoia, twitchiness). Flunitrazepam is usually consumed orally, is often combined with alcohol, and is also used by crushing tablets and snorting the powder
It is used by high school students, college students, street gang members, rave party attendees, and heroin and cocaine users (who call a dose of rohypnol a 'roofie') to produce profound intoxication, boost the high of heroin, and modulate the effects of cocaine. Methamphetamine users take the drug to counter meth's side-effects (sleeplessness, paranoia, twitchiness). Flunitrazepam is usually consumed orally, is often combined with alcohol, and is also used by crushing tablets and snorting the powder


Adverse effects of use
Flunitrazepam is highly addictive. Flunitrazepam use causes several adverse effects in the user, including drowsiness, dizziness, loss of motor control, lack of coordination, slurred speech, confusion, and gastrointestinal disturbances, lasting 12 or more hours. Higher doses produce respiratory depression. Chronic use of flunitrazepam can result in physical dependence and the appearance of withdrawal syndrome when the drug is discontinued. Flunitrazepam impairs cognitive and psychomotor functions affecting reaction time and driving skill. The use of this drug in combination with alcohol is a particular concern as both substances potentiate each other's toxicity.


Short and Long Term Effects from Taking GHB
People tend to use GHB for it's short term effects. If taken "properly" the effects that are felt include relieved anxiety and relaxation. At a lower dosage the drug has the tendency to cause an spasms, sometimes vomiting, dizziness and sleepiness. The long term effects include sedative effects (a deep sleep and eventually a coma or death). If an overdose occurs a loss of consciousness will occur and a slowing of breathing. Difficulty in breathing and nausea will occur when GHB is taken with alcohol. If the person falls unconsciousness they may not wake up again for about three hours. (Passing out while on GHB is sometimes called carpeting out, scooping out, or throwing down.) *(VI)


According The University of Florida these are also effects of GHB: Coma, Tremor, Vomiting, Hallucinations, Seizures, Somnolence, Weakness, Bradycardia (slow heart rate), Insomnia, Dizziness, Confusion, Unconsciousness, Anxiety, Nausea, Agitation, Respiratory Arrest

The psychological manifestations vary in severity
Between pleasant dream-like states, vivid imaginary,
Hallucinations, and emergence delirium. In some cases
These states have been accompanied by confusion,
Excitement, and irrational behavior which a few
Patients recall as an unpleasant experience.the duration
Ordinarily is no more than a few hours; in a few
Cases, however, recurrences have taken place up to
24 hours postoperatively. No residual psychological
Effects are known to have resulted from use of ketamine.
The incidence of these emergence phenomena is least
In the young (15 years of age or less) and elderly (over
65 years of age) patient. Also, they are less frequent
When the drug is given intramuscularly and the incidence
Is reduced as experience with the drug is gained.


TIME / DURATION
The effects of flunitrazepam appear approximately 15 to 20 minutes after administration and last approximately four to six hours. Some residual effects can be found 12 hours or more after administration.
Time of Onset and Duration and Therapeutic Range *(V)
The time it takes for the intoxicating effects of GHB to take place is approximately 10-20 minutes after the drug is taken. The duration of the drug last usually about 4 hours after the drug is taken. The therapeutic range of the drug is rather short. GHB is learned from the body relatively quickly. Because it exits out of the body so quickly it is difficult for emergency rooms and other treatment facilities to detect.

Following intravenous administration, the ketamine concentration has an
initial slope (alpha phase) lasting about 45 minutes with a half-life of
10 to 15 minutes. This first phase corresponds clinically to the anesthetic
effect of the drug. The anesthetic action is terminated by a combination
of redistribution from the CNS to slower equilibrating peripheral tissues
and by hepatic biotransformation to metabolite I. This metabolite is
about 1/3 as active as ketamine in reducing halothane requirements
(MAC) of the rat. The later half-life of ketamine (beta phase) is 2.5 hours.
The anesthetic state produced by ketamine has been termed “dissociative
anesthesia” in that it appears to selectively interrupt association
pathways of the brain before producing somesthetic sensory blockade.
It may selectively depress the thalamoneocortical system before significantly
obtunding the more ancient cerebral centers and pathways (reticular-
activating and limbic systems).
Elevation of blood pressure begins shortly after injection, reaches a
maximum within a few minutes and usually returns to preanesthetic values
within 15 minutes after injection. In the majority of cases, the systolic
and diastolic blood pressure peaks from 10% to 50% above preanesthetic
levels shortly after induction of anesthesia, but the elevation
can be higher or longer in individual cases (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Ketamine has a wide margin of safety; several instances of unintentional
administration of overdoses of ketamine (up to ten times that usually
required) have been followed by prolonged but complete recovery.
Prolonged recovery time may occur if barbiturates and/or narcotics are
used concurrently with ketamine.
Ketamine is clinically compatible with the commonly used general and
local anesthetic agents when an adequate respiratory exchange is
maintained.

STREET NAMES
Roach, Mind Erasers and Roche'.
Circles, Forget me drug, Forget me pill, Getting roached,La Rocha, Lunch money drugMexican valium , Pingus, R-2, ReynoldsRib,Roach-2, Roapies, Robutal , RoofiesRope, Rophies, Row-shay, Ruffles,Wolfies

Liquid Ecstasy; GHB; G;
Georgia Home Boy; Grievous Bodily Harm; Great Hormones in Bed;
Goop; Soap; Gamma Oh;
Somatomax; Cherry-Meth; Salty Water;
G-Riffick; Everclear; Fantasy;
Remedy; Scoop; Liquid X;
Zonked; Nature's Quaalude; Organic Quaalude;
Jib; Easy Lay; Liquid E.

Special K, Ket, K, Vitamin K,
Kit Kat, Keller, Cat Valium,
Purple and Super C.