SOP DOS AND DONTS as cited by HC of JK in 2017

I
I
Government of Jammu and Kashmir
Home Department "
Civil Secretariat, Srinagar.
Subject.- Standard Operating Procedure(s) to be followed in NDPScases.
CIRCULARNo: 02. - Home of 2017
D ate d:)".r - 09-2017
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, provide
for stringent provisions for offences related to drug abuse and trafficking.
Despite the fact that major offences under the aforesaid Act are non-bailable,
it has been observed that in several cases the drug offenders secure acquittal
on technical grounds. A large number of offenders in NDPS cases are
acquitted due to non-compliance of mandatory provisions and the prescribed
procedure. The acquittals in serious offences particularly in NDPScases create
a sense of insecurity in the society and undermine the faith of the common
man in the administration of criminal justice. As such, it is incumbent upon
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the Investigating Agencies/Prosecutors discharge their assigned duties in a
professional manner to achieve the desired objective of law.
2. In the above context, the Division Bench of the Hon'ble High Court
at Jammu in PIL No.OS/2013, titled (Court on its Own Motion vs. State
and Others) has been monitoring the progress of steps taken by the State to
ensure that in NDPS cases, the investigation is conducted in a proper and
professional manner by adhering to the mandatory provisions of the Act and
to minimise the acquittals in such cases. -
3. To accomplish the aforesaid purpose and to ensure conviction of
~ffenders in NDPS cases, all the enforcement agencies of the State are
, I expected to work in close coordination and adhere to the provisions of the
aforesaid Act during investigation of case, while ensuring vigorous follow up
during prosecution of such cases.
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4. In view of the above, it is enjoined upon all the officers, entrusted
with the investigation/prosecution in NDPS cases to strictly adhere to the
provisions of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 and
the procedures laid down in Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's)
formulated by the State Crime Branch. A copy of Standard Operating
Procedures (SOP's) is annexed herewith as Annexure-"I" to this Circular.
No: Home/OWP/14/2013
Encl: as above
Sd/-
(R. K. Goyal) IAS
Principal Secretary to Government,
Home Department.
Dated: ~ S .09. 2017
Copy to the :-
1. Director General of Police, J&K.
2. _, Inspector General of Police, Kashmir/Jammu.
3. Inspector General of Police, Crime Branch.
4. Secretary to Government, Department of Law, Justice and
Parliamentary Affairs.
5. OSD to the Hon'ble Minister for Law, Justice and
Parliamentary Affairs.
6. Director Prosecution, PHQ.
7. All SSP's/SP'sfor information and necessary action.
8. Private Secretary to Principal Secretary to Government, Home
department.
9. Circular file/Stock file
JL~
~ ~q')7
(Mushtaq Ahmad) KAS
Deputy Secretary to Government,
~ Home Department
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Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
______________________________
for Investigation & Prosecution of Crimes
under The Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.
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C O N T E N T S
1. PREFACE…………………………………………………………. 1
2. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 3
3. COMMON CAUSES FOR FAILURE OF CASES………………. 8
4. PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED (Do’s and Don’ts)………. 12
5. MANDATORY LEGAL PROVISIONS UNDER NDPS, Act…… 22
6. CHECKLIST………………………………………………………. 32
7. SPECIMENS:
1. ANNEXURE-A…………………………………………… 38
2. ANNEXURE-B…………………………………………… 39
3. ANNEXURE-C…………………………………………… 40
4. ANNEXURE-D…………………………………………… 41
5. ANNEXURE-E…………………………………………… 42
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INTRODUCTION
Despite seizure of 968 quintals of narcotic drugs and about
seven lakh intoxicants in the last 5/6 years, the problem has not
received due attention of Investigators and the Prosecutors. As a
result the number of acquittals in such cases greatly outnumbered
the convictions, as for every conviction there are about nine
acquittals.
As per NDPS Act, Sections 41 and 42 are attracted when
there is a prior information about the presence of contraband
article in any building, conveyance or enclosed place, whileas
section 43 applies when information as such is not about the
presence of a contraband article at any of such place but such
article is likely to be brought in any public place. Thus, it is clear that
provisions of Section 42 of NDPS Act would be only applicable
when search, seizure and arrest have to be effected without
warrant or authorization in any building, conveyance or enclosed
place. If such places are not be entered into and searched, the
provisions of Section 42 will not be applicable. The powers which
have been conferred are to enter, search, seize and arrest without
warrant or authorization. Under proviso to sub-section (1) of Section
42 of the NDPS Act, if such officer has reason to believe that a
search warrant for authorization cannot be obtained without
affording opportunity for the concealment of evidence of facility
for the escape of an offender, he may enter and search such
building, conveyance or enclosed place at any time between
sunset and sunrise after recording the grounds of his belief. Where
"prior information" related to the commission of an offence as
provided under Chapter IV of the NDPS Act, there is time for
obtaining warrant or authorization, efforts should be made to
obtain such warrant and authorization from the Magistrate or the
Gazetted Officer. Such information should be recorded in writing
and a copy thereof sent to the superior immediate officer. Search
and seizure can be effected between sunrise and sunset even
without obtaining such warrant. Where search has to be effected
after sunset and before sunrise, the officer so competent has to
record his reason of belief and send a copy thereof to his
immediate superior and he can search the building, conveyance
or place.
Section 42 speaks of 'empowered officer' and such officer
when in possession of such information relating to commission of
offence under Chapter IV, either on his personal knowledge or
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information supplied by any one, must record 'information' in writing
and do the following things:-
(1) Enter into and search any such building, conveyance or
place;
(2) In case of resistance, break open any door and remove
any obstacle to such entry;
(3) Seize drug or substance and all materials; and
(4) Detain and search, and, if he thinks proper arrest any
person whom he has reasons to believe to have committed any
offence punishable under this Act.
Where such empowered officer has reason to believe that a
search warrant or authorization cannot be obtained without
affording opportunity for the concealment of evidence or facility
for the escape of an offender, he may enter and search such
building, conveyance or enclosed space at any time between
sunset and sunrise after recoding the grounds of his belief. Where
an officer takes down any information in writing under sub-section
(1) or records grounds for his belief under the proviso thereto, he
shall within 72 hours send a copy thereof to his immediate official
superior. Provisions of Sections 41 and 42 are also mandatory. These
provisions make it obligatory that such officers mentioned therein
upon receiving information should reduce the same into writing
and record reasons for belief while carrying out arrest or seizure as
provided under the proviso of Section 41(2) of the Act. To that
extent they are held as mandatory. The provisions of NDPS Act, viz.
Section 41(2) proviso to Section 42(1) and Section 50 have to be
mandatorily complied with. If they are violated, it would vitiate the
trial. No such requirement as contemplated under sections 41 or 42
is applicable where such empowered officer is conducting search
and seizure in public places.
The object of mandatory provisions is to protect the accused
from false implication in the case as a legal right to the accused to
get his search either before Magistrate or Gazetted Officer. A
search before a Gazetted Officer or a Magistrate would impart
much more authenticity and credit worthiness to the proceedings.
The provisions of Section 50 of the NDPS Act protect the personal
liberty and freedom of an accused person. It serves dual purpose
and such search inspires confidence and evidence becomes more
reliable and trustworthy. The provisions of section 50 are mandatory
in nature and not purely procedural and breach thereof vitiates the
trial. After a person is arrested and before a search is conducted, it
is mandatory on the part of the officer to inform the accused that
he has a legal right to be searched before a Gazetted Officer or a
Magistrate. The accused will get the benefit, if there is a failure to
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comply with this provision. Section 50 applies only in cases of
search of the person. It does not extend to search of a vehicle or
container or bag or premises. Notice is mandatory in personal
search. When compliance of Section 50 is not made, such violation
is a serious one and prejudice is caused to the accused.
Sub-section(4) provides that where any person in or about
such place is reasonably suspected of concealing about his person
any article for which search should be made, such person may be
searched and if such person is a woman the search shall be made
by another woman with strict regard to decency. Hence, it can
safely be concluded that compliance of Section 50 is mandatory.
While making a search and seizure, independent witnesses
should be roped in but in absence of any public witness the
statement of police officials are required to be scrutinized with due
care and caution in order to see whether the offence is brought
home against the accused beyond reasonable doubts. As per
section 51 of the NDPS Act, the provisions of the Code of Criminal
Procedure shall apply in so far as they are not inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act to all warrants issued and arrests, searches and
seizures made under this Act. Hence, provisions of Section 100 and
165 Cr.PC. are applicable. The provisions under section 100 and 165
Cr.PC. are procedural in nature and breach thereof does not
render the evidence so collected as illegal or inadmissible at the
trial but this evidence would be examined by the court with due
care and caution.
The concept of a reasonable and fair trial would be one in
which the accused as well as the victim or the aggrieved person
gets justice. Various reasons have been cited above for these
acquittals under NDPS Act but some focus is required on faulty
investigation. Many of the cases fail on account of faulty
investigation. If we identify the reasons for defective investigation,
we will find that it starts right from the stage of filing of FIR to
maintenance of case diary, search and seizure of
articles/contrabands and documents. It is the duty of the
investigating agencies to investigate fairly and thoroughly and
collect all evidence whether for or against the accused. Protection
of society being the paramount consideration, the laws procedures
and police practice must be such as to ensure the guilty are
apprehended and punished with utmost dispatch and in the
process, the innocent are not harassed. Keeping in mind the grave
consequences which are likely to follow on proof of possession of
illicit articles/contrabands under the NDPS Act, namely, the shifting
of the onus to the accused and severe punishment to which he
becomes liable, the legislature has enacted and provided certain
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safeguards in various provisions of the Act including Section 42 and
50 of the Act. A constitutional bench of Hon'ble Apex Court of India
has held that while conducting search and seizure in addition to
the safeguards provided under the Code of Criminal Procedure,
the safeguards provided under the Act are also required to be
followed. The harsh provisions of the Act cast a duty upon the
prosecution to strictly follow the procedure and compliance of the
safeguards. If the search is not carried out strictly in accordance
with the safeguards indicated or in violation of procedural
prescription, anything recovered suffers from illegality. The courts
have held that no reliance can be placed on the evidence when
there is failure to comply with provisions relating to search and
seizure. In some cases investigation was conducted by some police
officer who made recovery, seized the contraband and arrested
the accused which was held to be invalid by the courts.
Investigation should be conducted by some other independent
officer. It is the duty of investigating officer to take necessary
precaution after sealing the article to entrust his seal to the
respective person (independent witness) so as to avoid the chance
of tampering the seal.
The Supreme Court has in various cases held that cases
where faulty investigation is evident, it is required that they be dealt
with utmost sensitivity. In such cases, the broader probabilities are
required to be examined and the courts are not to get swayed by
minor contradictions or insignificant discrepancies which are not of
substantial character. The evidence is required to be appreciated
having regard to the background of the entire case and not in
isolation. The ground realities are to be kept in view. Thus, it must be
kept in view that every defective investigation need not necessarily
result in the acquittal. In defective investigation, the only
requirement is of extra caution by courts while evaluating
evidence. It would not be just to acquit the accused solely as a
result of defective investigation. Therefore, a pro-active approach
of the court can be useful to meet the ends of justice where the
investigating officer has deliberately rendered the investigation
defective.
Besides above major reasons, there are some other reasons
for acquittal in NDPS case: such as delays in trial. There are a large
number of people awaiting trial in jails. The long time gap between
the occurrence of a crime and the trial, usually casts doubts on the
accuracy of the evidence. Often evidence becomes questionable,
leading to acquittal on the grounds of insufficient evidence.
Witnesses turn hostile during trial adding to high rate of acquittals.
The situation needs remedial measures at once so that rule of law
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and effectiveness of the criminal justice delivery system are not only
maintained but improved.
Despite the fact that around 275-300 cases are registered
every year under the Act, the rate of acquittals is a matter of great
concern as it elucidates the gap between the investigation and the
law. As per the statics of the last five years, the J&K Police has
seized 968 quintals of narcotic drugs, which include 47792 Kg opium
derivates, 2820 Kg Cannibis, 1075 Kg Charas, 133 Kg Heroin/Brown
Sugar, 43.4 Kg Ganja, 5 Kg opium etc. and about 7 lakh intoxicants.
As per the records maintained by the SCRB, during the period
ranging from 2008 to 2013, about 225 cases have ended up in
conviction whereas 867 have been acquitted.
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COMMON REASONS FOR FAILURE OF CASES
 The person, who recovers the contraband from the
accused, lodges the FIR and investigates the same.
 Separate occurrences/incidents are clubbed in one FIR
and investigated.
 Civil witnesses are not associated during the course of
investigation despite their availability on the spot.
Army/PMF personnel are not cited as witness during a
joint surprise check.
 Weight balance is often taken from the open market
either from some fruit vendor or shopkeeper but
weighing of the contraband is not proved at the stage
of trial. The person from whom such weighing
machine/balance was taken is invariably not examined
as a witness.
 Contraband in a huge quantity is stated to be seized
and sealed on the spot by the I.O. However, during the
course of trial the seizure is proved to be of lesser
quantity and not in consonance with the seizure memo.
 Places, from where the recoveries/seizures are made/
effected are not proved because of contradictions by
the witnesses in their deposition during the course of trial.
 Recovery and seizure from the accused is not proved
because of contradictions in the statement of witnesses,
their hostility etc. during the course of trial.
 Weight of samples taken and sent to FSL for chemical
analysis are often disputed as bigger quantity of
samples, taken by the I.O in the presence of a
Magistrate and sent to FSL turns out to of lesser quantity
when weighed by the FSL expert thereby raising a
suspicion.
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 Personal search of the accused is not proved as the
Gazetted Officers conducting the search are neither
cited as witness nor examined during the course of trial.
 Cases solely based on the confession of the accused
before the officer conducting the search/seizure in the
absence of other incriminating evidence collected by
the police.
 Witnesses are not properly examined. Material witnesses
are not examined u/s 164-A Cr.PC.
 Different packs of contraband are recovered and seized
but samples are taken from only few.
 No entries are made in the Malkhana register about the
seizures, samples taken for re-sealing etc. in order to
prove the safe custody of the seized contraband.
 Samples are usually sent late to the Forensic Labs and
their retention under safe custody is not proved through
the entries made in the Malkhana register during the
course of trial. No explanation is given for delay in
sending the samples.
 Impression seal affixed on the seized
contraband/samples is kept on spurdnama (custody) of
some police personnel/Munshi of the concerned Police
Station and not with an independent witness which
creates suspicion and gives rise to the chances of
tampering of the samples.
 Tampering of seals of samples by the person in whose
custody the sample seals are kept.
 Re-sealing of samples is not proved as the Magistrate
who conducts the resealing is neither examined nor
cited as a witness.
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 Large numbers of samples are got re-sealed through the
Magistrate but only few are sent to or received by the
FSL.
 Seal impression of the seal used for packaging the
samples is not sent to FSL for comparison.
 Police Officials who are deputed alongwith the samples
of the seized contraband to FSL and the Malkhana
Incharge from whom such samples are taken are not
examined nor cited as witnesses.
 Samples are sent to different laboratories however, fate
of all the samples is not shared with the court.
 While formulating definite opinions, sometimes the FSL
experts forward the samples to some other experts in
order to detect the percentage of narcotic contraband.
However, such reports are neither presented nor shared
with the courts by the prosecution.
 When accused is arrested at a later stage on the basis of
clues/identification provided by some witnesses, no ID
parade is conducted before a Magistrate to pin point
the actual accused.
 FSL reports/oral depositions of the FSL expert’s often
prove the seized contrabands by their common names
but the scientific species to which such contraband
belong as mentioned in the Schedule of NDPS Act, are
neither specified in the report/ nor stated through
depositions during the course of trial.
 Mandatory provisions, as laid down in Chapter V of the
Act, particularly Sec. 42, 43, 50, 52-A, 55 and 57 are not
complied with. There is an intentional and deliberate
breach of Sec 55 by the Investigating Officer (s).
 In majority of cases police witnesses including SHO, I.O,
FSL expert, Complainant and Ex-Magistrate are not
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examined by the prosecution which results in the failure
of the case.
 No witness including the police witnesses are examined
during the course of trial or lesser number of witnesses
are examined or deferred witnesses are not produced
by the prosecution or the Police witnesses often don’t
support the story of the prosecution.
 Reader to the I.O or some other supporting staff who
prepared the FIR, seizure memos and final report are not
cited as witness nor examined.
 Case property is not produced in the court for the
purpose of identification by the prosecution.
 Seal used for sealing/re-sealing is not located/ proved at
the stage of trial.
 No sincere efforts are made by the prosecution to
examine the material witnesses including the I.O which
has a direct bearing on the case.
 Investigating Officers often fail to explain the
contradiction which emerges out from the facts of the
case and the testimony of witnesses during the course of
trial.
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PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED (Do’s and Don’ts)
 The need of the hour is to build a team of dedicated officers
in the field of narcotics law enforcement who are well trained
and equipped with updated knowledge and allied skills to
effectively combat this menace. To achieve this objective,
training programmes need to be conducted at all levels in
order to enhance and hone the specialized skills required to
improve performance and effectiveness of the personnel
involved in drug law enforcement which shall ensure greater
understanding of drug law enforcement and help in evolving
uniform practices for effective counter measures. It will also
enhance quality of cooperation amongst the investigating
teams and various drug law enforcement agencies and bring
about synergy in anti-drug measures. Therefore, all officer, of
and upto, the rank of Sub-Inspector be specially trained in a
phased manner to deal with the provisions of NDPS Act and
placed/ posted at the newly created specialized cells/teams
in each police station/District Hqrs.
 The training should include participation of all stakeholders i.e.
State Police Custom, Central & State Excise, Forest
Department, PMFs, RPF, CBI, IB, DRI, Courier Agencies, State
Drug Controllers etc in each training programme which will
ensure interaction among different agencies during training
programmes and increase the quality and speed of interagency
cooperation.
 The training must include the topics relating to drug law
administration & enforcement including NDPS Act & Rules,
Financial investigation, PITNDPS, Money Laundering,
Composite seizures and other linkages, Modus Operandi,
National Drug Scenario, important case studies, important
court judgments, identification and spot testing of narcotic
drugs, concealment methods, rummaging of vessels/ships in
the sea for drugs and applicability of customs & other Acts
including Computer Based Training Modules etc. and must be
conducted at specialized places like National Academy of
Customs Excise & Narcotics (NACEN), CBI Academy, National
Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science, BSF, SSB, National
and State Police Academies, Judicial Academies etc.
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 Training courses be organised in such a way that atleast 400
officers undergo basic course and 200 officers undergo
refresher courses annually. A 2-3 day module on the subject
be incorporated in the basic training of Dy. SPs and Sub-
Inspectors.
 Investigation of cases under NDPS be henceforth conducted
by a specialized cell/team of officers specifically trained to
deal with cases under the NDPS Act with an officer not below
the rank of Sub-Inspector as its head under the close
supervision of a gazetted officer, who shall monitor the
progress of investigation on day to day basis and issue written
guidelines to the team.
 A panel of gazetted officers from the civil departments of the
area, whose services shall be utilised on rotational basis, an
FSL expert related with the subject, an Ex-Magistrate having
jurisdiction in the area, a gazetted officer of Police, NCB
expert, an expert from the deptt. of Weight & Measures and a
crime photographer shall be kept prepared in a ready state
through an administrative order, which shall, on receiving an
information reach the spot immediately and carry out the
legal formalities, as are required under the provisions of the
NDPS, Act.
 The specialized investigation cell/team shall be equipped with
the specialized investigation kit, to be procured by the
Govt./PHQ and kept at the disposal of all the police districts,
which shall include the material relating to packaging of
contrabands, sealing sticks, impression seal, weighing scale
and preliminary test kits containing re-agents etc. These kits
shall be mandatorily carried by these teams to the spots, as
and when information is received and put to maximum use as
per requirements in a most professional manner.
 A checklist of all the steps to be taken on the spot and during
the course of investigation, which is included with the
recommendations, shall be kept ready in the specialized
investigation kit and all the steps shall be tick marked on
completion by the I.O before finalization of the investigation.
The checklist, if used properly shall minimise the scope of
deviation from the prescribed procedure and shall ensure
quality investigation.
 All sort of informations received regarding commission of
offences under the NDPS Act, search & seizure conducted
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together with the grounds of belief explained under the
proviso thereof, shall be mandatorily reduced into writing in
the daily diaries of the police stations and a detailed report in
this regard shall be shared, without any fail, with the superior
officers, at the earliest possible time, preferably within a period
of 72 hours, as required under section 42 of NDPS Act.
 A memo containing details of all the proceedings conducted
on the spot shall also be prepared under the signatures of all
the persons /witnesses present on the spot.
 Under no circumstances, the person/officer/official who
conducted the search/seizure on the spot or who lodged the
complaint, shall carry out the investigation or remain
associated with the investigation team.
 At the time of recovery of contraband, an inventory of such
contrabands shall be made in detail relating to their
description, quality, quantity, mode of packing, marks,
number of other such identifying particulars, country or origin
etc. and the entire consignment shall be seized. Minimum of
two samples from each packet including a control sample
with quantity of each representative sample drawn shall be 5
gms in case of all Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances, except ganja & charas where the quantity to be
drawn shall be 24 gms. In case of Controlled Substances, if the
same are in powder or liquid state, each sample size shall be 5
gm/5 ml and if it is a tablet/capsule form then each sample
size shall contain at least a strip of 10 tablets/capsules. All
these samples shall be packed and sealed in separate
packets/boxes through FSL expert present on the spot under
the seal of the Magistrate present on the spot, by making use
of the seal kept in the specialized investigation kit for the
purpose. Remaining contraband shall also be seized in
separate packet (s) under the seal kept for the purpose and
necessary seizure memos shall be prepared on the spot with
specific entries related to time and place. Photography and
Videography of the place of occurrence/recovery and
process of such seizures shall also be done in order to maintain
transparency.
 All entries regarding recoveries and seizures made on the spot
be incorporated in the daily diaries/CD files, at the earliest
with the resume of such recoveries/seizures in the CD files. All
such samples taken on the spot for scientific examination shall
be, as far as practicable, preferably within 24 hours, sent,
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through a special messenger, to the concerned Forensic
Science Laboratory for chemical examination and reports.
Statement of the special messenger deputed for the purpose
shall be recorded u/s 161 Cr.PC and kept in the CD file to
maintain the chain of evidence.
 Reports of all contrabands seized shall be forwarded within 48
hours of such seizure to Director General, Narcotics Control
Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India on the
prescribed FORM-F.
 All seizures shall be kept in the malkhana of the police station
concerned with specific entries in the malkhana register under
the charge of SHO/Munshi to prove the safe custody of the
seized contraband, including the samples, in case the
samples, owing to some extreme exigency, are not sent to FSL
within the prescribed time as per the mandate of Sec. 55 of
NDPS Act. Statements as witnesses of SHO/Munshi/Malkhana
Incharge shall be reduced in writing to maintain the chain of
evidence.
 In case, owing to some administrative exigency, if the
Magistrate is not present on the spot, all the contraband
seized and sealed on the spot in the presence of the
independent civil witnesses, shall as far as practical, be taken
before the nearest Magistrate at the earliest possible time,
preferably within a period of 24 hours for taking out the
samples for scientific examination. Chain of custody of the
seized contraband shall be preserved through reports in Daily
Diary and malkhana registers.
 All such seized/sealed packets of contrabands shall be
placed before the Magistrate concerned who shall break
open the seals affixed by the police, check the contents of
the seizure to his satisfaction and knowledge and then take
out the required samples, as per the prescribed specifications,
duly measured/weighed and pack the same in separate
packs under his own seals, as mandated under Sec. 52-A
NDPS Act. These packs shall be immediately transmitted to FSL
through some special messenger with the authority letter of
the Magistrate, who shall be kept as a witness and his
statement recorded u/s 161 Cr.PC and kept in CD file to
maintain continuity of evidence. The Magistrate shall also be
a witness to taking of samples, checking of the contraband
and issuing the authority letter/authorization for FSL expert.
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 The seals used by the I.O, SHO and the Magistrate shall be
kept under custody (spurdnama) of some independent
witness, who shall produce the said seal and appraise the
court accordingly at the time of trial. This process shall further
ensure transparency and minimise the presumptive chances
of tampering with the seals affixed on the seized
contrabands/ samples thereof.
 In case of chance recovery and its subsequent seizure owing
to the reasonable belief that such person may part with the
contraband lying in his personal possession, such seizures
together with the reasons of belief shall be reduced in writing
by the person making such recovery/seizure and his
statement to this effect shall be reduced in writing by the I.O.
As far as practicable, such recovery/seizure shall be
immediately brought into the notice of the Incharge Police
Station through all possible mediums of communication viz.
Docket, mobile call, SMS, telephone call or through some
special messenger. All such means of information shall be
specifically detailed in writing, as evidence, to maintain
sanctity of evidence.
 In case where a reasonable suspicion arises that some person
is having a contraband in his possession, the officer/official
present on the spot shall, as far as practicable, withhold such
search and try to preserve the spot/accused till the team of
officers specially empowered to deal with such
circumstances, as prescribed under Sec. 50 of the NDPS Act
arrives and carry out such search strictly in accordance with
the mandate of ibid section.
 While enforcing the mandate of Sec. 50 of the NDPS Act, an
option in writing, duly readover and explained in the
language the person about to be searched understands, shall
be provided and such search shall be carried out by the
gazetted officers of the civil department, Magistrate or
gazetted officer of the Police, already empanelled for the
purpose and available on spot. The signatures shall be
obtained from the accused on the option memo together
with the signatures of witnesses and kept in the CD file as
evidence. As there is no legal provision for attestation of the
option memo or seizure memo or mere reference of such
gazetted officers in the CD file as evidence, therefore, all such
officers present on the spot and conducting the personal
search shall sign as witnesses to option memo/seizure memo.
The searching officer shall get himself searched through some
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other officer in presence of the accused before conducting
the search of the accused and details of such searches and
seizures shall be reduced in writing in the same manner as the
said search/seizure has been conducted.
 In case, if some person is suspected to be in possession of a
contraband but the officer present on the spot believes that
there is every possibility that till such time the team of officers
specially empowered to effect search/seizure arrives on the
spot, the accused may part with the possession of the
contraband, he shall in reference to Sub-section 5 & 6 of Sec
50 conduct the search/seizure on the spot immediately and
record the proceedings in totality together with the reasons of
his belief and transmit the same to the investigating team
together with the records of proceedings, seizures and his own
statement.
 As far as practical the respectables/civilians of the area, who
are present on the spot of occurrence or recovery, be
associated with the investigation and kept as material
witnesses in order to ensure transparency and sanctity of the
investigation. In case of non-association or reluctance on the
part of such civilians present on the spot, their detailed
particulars be recorded in the CD file together with the
reasons for their reluctance/non-association with the
investigation as witnesses, so that the court can be appraised
accordingly at the time of trial.
 All persons arrested and seizures made u/s 41, 42, 43 & 44 of
NDPS Act shall be forwarded, without unnecessary delay to
the I/C Police Station as required under Sec. 52 NDPS. All
persons arrested shall be kept in police lockups/judicial
lockups under proper remands/lawful custody with their
regular medical checkups and every effort shall be made to
complete the investigation and file the chargesheet on merits
within the prescribed time frame.
 Whenever any person makes any arrest or seizure under this
Act, he shall, within 48 hours of such arrest or seizure, make a
full report of all the particulars of such arrest or seizure to his
immediate superior official as per the mandatory requirement
of Sec. 57 of NDPS Act.
 While investigating such type of cases every endeavour shall
be made by the Specialized Investigation cells/teams to
investigate all the related aspects of the crime keeping all the
P a g e | 18
possible options open by the use of latest scientific
technologies in order to bring the guilt of the accused to fore.
Recovery of the contraband is fine but not sufficient in view of
the present day crime scenario, as such, the chain of the drug
exchanging hands, its origin and destination, links with the
terrorist activities etc. is also required to be probed in an
effective manner.
 All articles, things, conveyance etc. used in the transportation
of narcotics be also seized with a proper inventory prepared
on the spot, as these things/items are liable to be confiscated
under Sec. 60 & 61 of the Act as per the procedure laid down
in Sec. 63.
 All samples sent to FSL shall, as far as practicable within a short
span of time and on priority, be analysed and examined
scientifically by the FSL experts and a report in this regard,
specifying all the contents with their parameters including the
species, as prescribed in the schedule appended to NDPS
Act, be provide to the concerned investigating agency for
finalization of the investigation on merits.
 The Govt. may make all suitable arrangements to post/induct
a good number of reputed scientific experts in the FSL
concerning the field in order to ensure effective and timely
disposal of cases under examination with the FSL and
maintain credibility and minimise delays.
 The services of the legal experts of the Police
Department/NCB, who are otherwise not connected with the
prosecution of the case at the time of trial, shall be utilized at
regular intervals during the course of investigation to minimize
the legal tangles and ensure compliance of the mandatory
provisions of the Act.
 Keeping in view the large number of cases under the NDPS
Act, the Govt. may empower/designate Special Fast Track
Courts in all districts of the state for conducting exclusive trials
of these cases in order to having an effective mechanism to
deal with such type of cases and achieve desired results as
there are still a considerable good number of cases under trial
in various courts.
 PPs/APPs appointed by the Govt. to conduct the trial of such
type of cases have proved ineffective to a larger extent
P a g e | 19
because of their nature of engagement and
unaccountability, as such, the services of Police Prosecutors
of the designation of Dy. Directors/ Chief Prosecuting Officers
can be utilized for conducting the prosecution of these cases
in these Special Fast Track Courts to have effective and
accountable prosecution for which the Govt./PHQ may
designate/post these prosecutors to conduct the prosecution
at the earliest in view of the fact that there are still a
considerable number of cases under trial in various courts of
the State.
 The Govt./PHQ may also provide the necessary infrastructure/
manpower including provisions of official/ residential
accommodation for these designated prosecutors enabling
them to discharge their duties more effectively.
 All District SPs, Dy.SPs and the Specialized Investigation
cells/teams shall be duty bound to ensure production of
prosecution witnesses in the court of law during the course of
trial of these cases. Besides the incharge of the Specialized
Investigation cells/teams being the chief I.O shall act as the
pairvi officer in order to ensure effective prosecution by
keeping track of the trial. In the event of transfer of the I.O,
the replacement officer shall be immediately nominated as
pairvi officer so that cases do not fail for want of effective
liaising, tracking and follow up.
 For an effective execution of process during the trial of cases,
“Witness Monitoring Cells” be created at Zonal/District levels
which shall work in close coordination with each other and
the prosecutor of the concerned court. These cells shall work
under the overall supervision of the Zonal IGPs/District SPs and
any laxity on the part of these cells shall be dealt with
departmentally under the relevant rules.
 The seized contrabands kept under safe custody in
malkhanas of the police stations or the courts shall be, without
any inordinate delay, produced/presented before the court
conducting the trial of the case, for the purpose of
trial/identification through the related witnesses in order to
prevent failure of the case for want of production of the
seized contraband. The concerned prosecutor shall monitor
the production of seized contrabands through the pairvi
officer on the given dates.
P a g e | 20
 The Special Fast Track Courts shall decide all cases under
NDPS within a period of 6 months from the date of filing of
challan subject to grant of extension by the Hon’ble High
Court in appropriate cases of exceptional nature inviting
indulgence of the court. A calendar of trial in respect of each
case shall be fixed and matters pertaining to bail should be
decided within one week’s time from filing of such
application.
 After the culmination of the trial, in case of conviction, all the
seized contrabands shall be destroyed/disposed of, under the
orders of the Concerned Court after the appeal time is over,
in the manner prescribed by the court and it shall be the duty
of the concerned prosecutor to obtain all such orders from
the court and ensure disposal of the contraband in order to
prevent its recycling. Statement on monthly basis regarding
the destruction/disposal of the seized contraband pertaining
to the cases shall be shared with the PHQ through Zonal IGPs,
where a proper data shall be maintained.
 Cases which end up in acquittal shall be appealed against
without any unnecessary loss of time. In case of delay or laxity
on the part of the concerned prosecutor, strict
administrative/departmental action shall be initiated by the
concerned supervisory officers/units.
 Similarly, in case of faulty investigations, deviation of the
prescribed laws, burking of crime or illicit practices adopted
by the investigating cell/team or its supervisory officer or
during the pairvi of the cases at the time of trial, effective
departmental actions shall be immediately initiated against
the erring officers/officials found responsible for the lapses and
stringent & exemplary punishments shall be awarded in each
case.
 Cases in which strictures have already been passed by
different courts, the District SPs shall submit the action taken
reports (ATRs) on all the actions taken/enquiries conducted
and punishments imposed on the erring officials involved in
the defective/perfunctory investigation of the cases which
ended in acquittal since the last five years, to the PHQ
through their respective Zonal IGPs, who shall monitor the
process and ensure that these reports are furnished by each
District, without fail.
P a g e | 21
 Govt. should take effective measures through wide publicity
in print and electronic media to make the general public
aware of the menace of drugs, the strict laws and the
procedures relating to drug trafficking to dissuade the
potential criminals.
 All the District SPs in close coordination with the NCB units
stationed in the state of J&K and the State Crime Branch shall
take all possible steps in curbing the menace of drugs, its
production and transportation besides effective measures
shall be made to destroy the illegal/unmanned/wild
vegetation/plantation of bhang, poppy etc. having potential
to be converted as a narcotic drug within the meaning of
NDPS Act.
 Effective steps shall also be taken to process the cases for
preventive detentions of habitual offenders under the
provisions of Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs &
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988.
******
P a g e | 22
MANDATORY LEGAL PROVISIONS UNDER
CHAPTER-V NDPS, Act 1985).
Section 41. Power to issue warrant and authorisation;
(1) A Metropolitan Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first
class or any Magistrate of the second class specially
empowered by the State Government in this behalf, may
issue a warrant for the arrest of any person whom he has
reason to believe to have committed any offence punishable
under this Act, or for the search, whether by day or by night,
of any building, conveyance or place in which he has reason
to believe any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or
controlled substance in respect of which an offence
punishable under this Act has been committed or any
document or other article which may furnish evidence of the
commission of such offence or any illegally acquired property
or any document or other article which may furnish evidence
of holding any illegally acquired property which is liable for
seizure or freezing or forfeiture under Chapter VA of this Act is
kept or concealed.
(2) Any such officer of gazetted rank of the
departments of central excise narcotics, customs, revenue
intelligence or any other department of the Central
Government including the para-military forces or the armed
forces as is empowered in this behalf by general or special
order by the Central Government, or any such officer of the
revenue, drugs control, excise, police or any other
department of a State Government as is empowered in this
behalf by general or special order of the State Government if
he has reason to believe from personal knowledge or
information given by any person and taken in writing that any
person has committed an offence punishable under this Act
or that any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or
controlled substance in respect of which any offence under
this Act has been committed or any document or other
article which may furnish evidence of the commission of such
offence or any illegally acquired property or any document
or other article which may furnish evidence of holding any
illegally acquired property which is liable for seizure or freezing
or forfeiture under Chapter VA of this Act is kept or concealed
in any building, conveyance or place, may authorise any
officer subordinate to him but superior in rank to a peon,
sepoy or a constable to arrest such a person or search a
building, conveyance or place whether by day or by night or
P a g e | 23
himself arrest such a person or search a building,
conveyance or place.
(3) The officer to whom a warrant under sub-section (1)
is addressed and the officer who authorised the arrest or
search or the officer who is so authorised under sub-section
(2) shall have all the powers of an officer acting under section
42.
Section 42. Power of entry, search, seizure and arrest without
warrant or authorisation;
(1) Any such officer (being an officer superior in rank to
a peon, sepoy or constable) of the departments of central
excise, narcotics, customs, revenue intelligence or any other
department of the Central Government including paramilitary
forces or armed forces as is empowered in this behalf by
general or special order by the Central Government, or any
such officer (being an officer superior in rank to a peon, sepoy
or constable) of the revenue, drugs control, excise, police or
any other department of a State Government as is
empowered in this behalf by general or special order of the
State Government, if he has reason to believe from personal
knowledge or information given by any person and taken
down in writing that any narcotic drug, or psychotropic
substance, or controlled substance in respect of which an
offence punishable under this Act has been committed or
any document or other article which may furnish evidence of
the commission of such offence or any illegally acquired
property or any document or other article which may furnish
evidence of holding any illegally acquired property which is
liable for seizure or freezing or forfeiture under Chapter VA of
this Act is kept or concealed in any building, conveyance or
enclosed place, may between sunrise and sunset,—
(a) enter into and search any such building,
conveyance or place;
(b) in case of resistance, break open any door and
remove any obstacle to such entry;
(c) seize such drug or substance and all materials used
in the manufacture thereof and any other article and any
animal or conveyance which he has reason to believe to be
liable to confiscation under this Act and any document or
other article which he has reason to believe may furnish
evidence of the commission of any offence punishable under
this Act or furnish evidence of holding any illegally acquired
property which is liable for seizure or freezing or forfeiture
under Chapter VA of this Act; and
P a g e | 24
(d) detain and search, and, if he thinks proper, arrest
any person whom he has reason to believe to have
committed any offence punishable under this Act: Provided
that if such officer has reason to believe that a search warrant
or authorisation cannot be obtained without affording
opportunity for the concealment of evidence or facility for
the escape of an offender, he may enter and search such
building, conveyance or enclosed place at any time
between sunset and sunrise after recording the grounds of his
belief.
(2) Where an officer takes down any information in
writing under sub-section (1) or records ground for his belief
under the proviso thereto, he shall within seventy-two hours
send a copy thereof to his immediate official superior.
Section 43. Power of seizure and arrest in public place;
Any officer of any of the departments mentioned in
section 42 may— 43
(a) seize in any public place or in transit, any narcotic
drug or psychotropic substance or controlled substance in
respect of which he has reason to believe an offence
punishable under this Act has been committed, and, along
with such drug or substance, any animal or conveyance or
article liable to confiscation under this Act, any document or
other article which he has reason to believe may furnish
evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under
this Act or any document or other article which may furnish
evidence of holding any illegally acquired property which is
liable for seizure or freezing or forfeiture under Chapter VA of
this Act;
(b) detain and search any person whom he has reason
to believe to have committed an offence punishable under
this Act, and if such person has any narcotic drug or
psychotropic substance or controlled substance in his
possession and such possession appears to him to be
unlawful, arrest him and any other person in his company.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the
expression “public place” includes any public conveyance,
hotel, shop, or other place intended for use by, or accessible
to, the public’.
Section 44. Power of entry, search, seizure and arrest in
offences relating to coca plant, opium, poppy and cannabis
plant;
P a g e | 25
The provisions of sections 41, 42 and 43 shall so far as
may be, apply in relation to the offences punishable under
Chapter IV and relating to coca plant, the opium poppy or
cannabis plant and for this purpose references in those
sections to narcotic drugs, or psychotropic substance 1[or
controlled substance], shall be construed as including
references to coca plant, the opium poppy and cannabis
plant.
Section 45. Procedure where seizure of goods liable to
confiscation not practicable;
Where it is not practicable to seize any goods (including
standing crop) which .are liable to confiscation under this Act,
any officer duly authorised under section 42 may serve on the
owner or person in possession of the goods, an order that he
shall not remove, part with or otherwise deal with the goods
except with the previous permission of such officer.
Section 46. Duty of land holder to give information of illegal
cultivation;
Every holder of land shall give immediate information to
any officer of the police or of any of the departments
mentioned in section 42 of all the opium poppy, cannabis
plant or coca plant which may be illegally cultivated within
his land and every such holder of land who knowingly
neglects to give such information, shall be, liable to
punishment.
Section 47. Duty of certain officers to give information of illegal
cultivation;
Every officer of the government and every panch,
sarpanch and other village officer of whatever description
shall give immediate information to any officer of the police
or of any of the departments mentioned in section 42 when it
may come to his knowledge that any land has been illegally
cultivated with the opium poppy, cannabis plant or coca
plant, and every such officer of the Government, panch,
sarpanch and other village officer who neglects to give such
information shall be liable to punishment.
Section 48. Power of attachment of crop illegally cultivated;
P a g e | 26
Any Metropolitan Magistrate, Judicial Magistrate of the
first class or any Magistrate specially empowered in this behalf
by the State Government 2[or any officer of a gazetted rank
empowered under section 42] may order attachment of any
opium poppy, cannabis plant or coca plant which he has
reason to believe to have been illegally cultivated and while
doing so may pass such order (including an order to destroy
the crop) as he thinks fit.
Section 49. Power to stop and search conveyance
Any officer authorised under section 42, may, if he has
reason to suspect that any animal or conveyance is, or is
about to be, used for the transport of any narcotic drug or
psychotropic substance 3[or controlled substance], in respect
of which he suspects that any provision of this Act has been,
or is being, or is about to be, contravened at any time, stop
such animal or conveyance, or, in the case of an aircraft,
compel it to land and—
(a) rummage and search the conveyance or part
thereof;
(b) examine and search any goods on the animal or in
the conveyance;
(c) if it becomes necessary to stop the animal or the
conveyance, he may use all lawful means for stopping it, and
where such means fail, the animal or the conveyance may
be fired upon.
Section 50. Conditions under which search of persons shall be
conducted;
(1) When any officer duly authorised under section 42 is
about to search any person under the provisions of section 41,
section 42 or section 43, he shall, if such person so requires,
take such person without unnecessary delay to the nearest
Gazetted Officer of any of the departments mentioned in
section 42 or to the nearest Magistrate.
(2) If such requisition is made, the officer may detain the
person until he can bring him before the Gazetted Officer or
the Magistrate referred to in sub-section (1).
(3) The Gazetted Officer or the Magistrate before whom
any such person is brought shall, if he sees no reasonable
ground for search, forthwith discharge the person but
otherwise shall direct that search be made.
(4) No female shall be searched by anyone excepting
a female.
P a g e | 27
(5) When an officer duly authorised under section 42
has reason to believe that it is not possible to take the person
to be searched to the nearest Gazetted Officer or Magistrate
without the possibility of the person to be searched parting
with possession of any narcotic drug or psychotropic
substance, or controlled substance or article or document, he
may, instead of taking such person to the nearest Gazetted
Officer or Magistrate, proceed to search the person as
provided under section 100 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure.
(6) After a search is conducted under sub-section (5),
the officer shall record the reasons for such belief which
necessitated such search and within seventy-two hours send
a copy thereof to his immediate official superior.
Section 52. Disposal of persons arrested and articles seized;
(1) Any officer arresting a person under section 41,
section 42, section 43 or section 44 shall, as soon as may be,
inform him of the grounds for such arrest.
(2) Every person arrested and article seized under
warrant issued under sub-section (1) of section 41 shall be
forwarded without unnecessary delay to the Magistrate by
whom the warrant was issued.
(3) Every person arrested and article seized under subsection
(2) of section 41, section 42, section 43 or section 44
shall be forwarded without unnecessary delay to—
(a) the officer-in-charge of the nearest police station, or
(b) the officer empowered under section 53.
(4) The authority or officer to whom any person or
article is forwarded under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3)
shall, with all convenient despatch, take such measures as
may be necessary for the disposal according to law of such
person or article.
Section 52A. Disposal of seized narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances;
(1) The Central Government may, having regard to the
hazardous nature of any narcotic drugs or psychotropic
substances, their vulnerability to theft, substitution, constraints
of proper storage space or any other relevant considerations,
by notification published in the Official Gazette, specify such
narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances or class of narcotic
drugs or class of psychotropic substances which shall, as soon
as may be after their seizure, be disposed of by such officer
and in such manner as that Government may, from time to
P a g e | 28
time, determine after following the procedure hereinafter
specified.
(2) Where any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance
has been seized and forwarded to the officer-in-charge of
the nearest police station or to the officer empowered under
section 53, the officer referred to in sub-section (1) shall
prepare an inventory of such narcotic drugs or psychotropic
substances containing such details relating to their
description, quality, quantity, mode of packing, marks,
numbers or such other identifying particulars of the narcotic
drugs or psychotropic substances or the packing in which
they are packed, country of origin and other particulars as
the officer referred to in sub-section (1) may consider relevant
to the identity of the narcotic drugs or psychotropic
substances in any proceedings under this Act and make an
application, to any Magistrate for the purpose of—
(a) certifying the correctness of the inventory so
prepared; or
(b) taking, in the presence of such Magistrate,
photographs of such drugs or substances and certifying such
photographs as true; or
(c) allowing to draw representative samples of such
drugs or substances, in the presence of such Magistrate and
certifying the correctness of any list of samples so drawn.
(3) Where an application is made under sub-section (2)
the Magistrate shall, as soon as may be, allow the
application.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian
Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872) or the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), every court trying an offence
under this Act, shall treat the inventory, the photographs of
narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances and any list of
samples drawn under sub-section (2) and certified by the
Magistrate, as primary evidence in respect of such offence.
Section 53. Power to invest officers of certain departments with
powers of an officer-Incharge of a police station;
(1) The Central Government, after consultation with the
State Government, may, by notification published in the
Official Gazette, invest any officer of the department of
central excise, narcotics, customs, revenue intelligence 2[or
any other department of the Central Government including
para-military forces or armed forces] or any class of such
officers with the powers of an officer-in-charge of a police
station for the investigation of the offences under this Act.
P a g e | 29
(2) The State Government may, by notification
published in the Official Gazette, invest any officer of the
department of drugs control, revenue or excise 1[or any other
department] or any class of such officers with the powers of
an officer-in-charge of a police station for the investigation of
offences under this Act.
Section 53A. Relevancy of statements under certain
circumstances;
(1) A statement made and signed by a person before
any officer empowered under section 53 for the investigation
of offences, during the course of any inquiry or proceedings
by such officer, shall be relevant for the purpose of proving, in
any prosecution for an offence under this Act, the truth of the
facts which it contains,—
(a) when the person who made the statement is dead
or cannot be found, or is incapable of giving evidence, or is
kept out of the way by the adverse party, or whose presence
cannot be obtained without an amount of delay or expense
which, under the circumstances of the case, the court
considers unreasonable; or
(b) when the person who made the statement is
examined as a witness in the case before the court and the
court is of the opinion that, having regard to the
circumstances of the case, the statement should be admitted
in evidence in the interest of justice.
(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall, so far as may
be, apply in relation to any proceedings under this Act or the
rules or orders made thereunder, other than a proceeding
before a court, as they apply in relation to a proceeding
before a court.
Section 54. Presumption from possession of illicit articles;
In trials under this Act, it may be presumed, unless and
until the contrary .is proved, that the accused has committed
an offence under this Act in respect of—
(a) any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or
controlled substance;
(b) any opium poppy, cannabis plant or coca plant
growing on any land which he has cultivated;
(c) any apparatus specially designed or any group of
utensils specially adopted for the manufacture of any
narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled
substance; or
P a g e | 30
(d) any materials which have undergone any process
towards the manufacture or a narcotic drug or psychotropic
substance or controlled substance, or any residue left of the
materials from which any narcotic drug or psychotropic
substance or controlled substance has been manufactured,
for the possession of which he fails to account satisfactorily.
Section 55. Police to take charge of articles seized and
delivered;
An officer-in-charge of a police station shall take
charge of and keep in safe custody, pending the orders of
the Magistrate, all articles seized under this Act within the
local area of that police station and which may be delivered
to him, and shall allow any officer who may accompany such
articles to the police station or who may be deputed for the
purpose, to affix his seal to such articles or to take samples of
and from them and all samples so taken shall also be sealed
with a seal of the officer-in-charge of the police station.
Section 56. Obligation of officers to assist each other;
All officers of the several departments mentioned in
section 42 shall, upon notice given or request made, be
legally bound to assist each other in carrying out the
provisions of this Act.
Section 57. Report of arrest and seizure;
Whenever any person makes any arrest or seizure under
this Act, he shall, with in forty-eight hours next after such arrest
or seizure, make a full report of all the particulars of such arrest
or seizure to his immediate superior official.
Section 58. Punishment for vexatious entry, search, seizure or
arrest;
(1) Any person empowered under section 42 or section
43 or section 44, who—. 58
(a) without reasonable ground of suspicion enters or
searches, or causes to be entered or searched, any building,
conveyance or place;
(b) vexatiously and unnecessarily seizes the property of
any person on the pretence of seizing or searching for any
narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or other article liable
to be confiscated under this Act, or of seizing any document
P a g e | 31
or other article liable to be seized under section 42, section 43
or section 44; or
(c) vexatiously and unnecessarily detains, searches or
arrests any person, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a
term which may extend to six months or with fine which may
extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.
(2) Any person wilfully and maliciously giving false
information and so causing an arrest or a search being made
under this Act shall be punishable with imprisonment for a
term which may extend to two years or with fine or with both.
Section 59. Failure of officer in duty or his connivance at the
contravention of the provisions of this Act;
(1) Any officer, on whom any duty has been imposed
by or under this Act and who ceases or refuses to perform or
withdraws himself from the duties of his office shall, unless he
has obtained the express written permission of his official
superior or has other lawful excuse for so doing, be punishable
with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year
or with fine or with both.
(2) Any officer on whom any duty has been imposed
by or under this Act or any person who has been given the
custody of—
(a) any addict; or
(b) any other person who has been charged with an
offence under this Act, and who wilfully aids in, or connives at,
the contravention of any provision of this Act or any rule or
order made thereunder, shall be punishable with rigorous
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years
but which may extend to twenty years, and shall also be
liable to fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but
which may extend to two lakh rupees.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the
expression “officer” includes any person employed in a
hospital or institution maintained or recognised by the
Government or a local authority under section 64A for
providing de-addiction treatment.
(3) No court shall take cognizance of any offence
under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) except on a
complaint in writing made with the previous sanction of the
Central Government, or as the case may be, the State
Government.
******
P a g e | 32
INVESTIGATORS CHECK LIST
In order to ensure that nothing material has been
overlooked by the investigating officers/ prosecutors during
the course of investigation/ trial which ultimately has a direct
bearing on the fate of the case, a checklist shall be kept
ready and tick marked appropriately during the course of
investigation/trial.
DURING INVESTIGATION
1. Was the information recorded by him?
{Sec 41 (1)}
2. Was the personal belief and the ground for conducting
search in the absence of authorization recorded in
writing by him?
{Sec 42 (1)}
3. Was a copy of the said document as at 1 or 2, as
applicable, sent to his official superior within 72
hours?
{Sec 42 (2)}
4. Was the copy of search authorization shown and
signatures of two independent witnesses and the
owner/occupier available in the premises at the time of
search obtained/procured thereon?
5. Did the search team offer their own personal search by
the owner/occupier of the premises before beginning
the search of the premises?
6. Was a written notice under section 50 of the NDPS Act
served on the occupants of the premises or on the
person who is intercepted at a public place and was
the response to such a notice recorded in writing
thereon?
P a g e | 33
7. Was a lady officer present in the search team to ensure
that a female is searched by a female?
{Sec 50 (4)}
8. Was the reason to believe that the person about to
be searched will part with the possession of drugs and
other incriminating articles as such cannot be taken to
such officer, recorded in writing?
{Sec 50 (5)}
9. Was the copy of the document, as at 8, sent to his
immediate superior within 72 hours?
{Sec 50 (6)}
10. Were all the recovered substances tested on the spot
with drug detection kits etc. to verify the presence of
narcotics etc. and were the necessary documents
prepared in this regard?
11. Were all the recovered documents, articles or things
scrutinized/examined to determine their relevance to
the commission of offence under the Act?
12. Were all the recovered and relevant items liable to
seizure and confiscation entered carefully in an
inventory and documented in the seizure memo?
13. Were all the goods, documents, articles, things and
assets found relevant to the commission of offence and
subsequent investigations, recovered during search,
seized and the fact of seizure documented in the
memo?
14. Were two representative samples drawn from each
package or lot of the suspect seized substances on the
spot?
15. Was it ensured that the representative samples are of
specified weights?
16. Were all the packages including the representative
samples properly packed, marked and sealed?
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17. Was the seizure memo/site plan of place of recovery
prepared/drawn carefully on the spot and correctly
indicating the sequence of events including start and
end time of the search proceedings?
18. Was it ensured that the seizure memo of all the
recovered/ seized documents/ articles/ things bear
signatures of the person whose premises was searched
or from whom the recovery was made, two
independent witnesses, the I.O, and the lady officer
present on the spot for the search of a lady?
19. Was a notice to examine the owner/occupant and
recovery witnesses under Sec. 67 of the Act issued and
their statements recorded by the I.O?
20. Was a written arrest memo informing the grounds of
arrest prepared in respect of the person arrested?
21. Was the arrest made in the presence of a witness and
his signatures obtained on the arrest memo?
22. Was the fact of arrest intimated to one of the relative or
friend of the person who was arrested and the same
endorsed on the arrest memo?
23. Were the guidelines prescribed by the Hon’ble
Supreme Court of India in case titled Govt. of West
Bengal Vs. D.K Basu followed?
24. Was the personal search memo (fard jamatalashi)
prepared?
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25. Was the arrested person produced before a magistrate
within 24 hours of his arrest?
26. Was a report of seizure and arrest sent to the
immediate superior within 48 hours of seizure/arrest?
(Sec 57)
27. Were the seized goods and samples deposited in the
Malkhana at the earliest after seizure and entries made
in the Malkhana register accordingly and statement of
Malkhana Incharge recorded?
28. Were the samples forwarded/ sent to FSL for analysis
and report, within 72 hours of seizure?
29. Were proceedings under Sec. 68 F of the NDPS Act
relating to seizing/freezing all assets etc. initiated, order
issued and served in this regard upon the person
searched and proceedings shared with the
Jurisdictional Competent Authority (NCB) within 48
hours of such search/action?
30. Were all the leads/clues evaluated, analysed and
investigated subsequently to establish independent
corroborating evidence of the roles of the accused
persons, their links etc. in the crime?
31. Was the investigation file put up before superior officers
to inform them of the progress in the case on a regular
basis at least once in a week/fortnight for their
instructions and guidance?
32. Was the test report received from FSL in time? If not, is it
being followed up?
33. Was the investigation completed on time at least two
weeks before the time to file chargesheet?
P a g e | 36
34. Was the draft chargesheet evidence collected etc.
vetted through superior officer/legal officers before its
presentation?
35. Is the chargesheet complete in all respects and
includes all material facts & evidences collected during
investigation, details of all the witnesses and
accompanied with all the original documents at the
time of its presentation before the court?
36. Was an application made for pre-trial disposal of the
seized goods under Sec 52-A of NDPS Act?
37. Was the application for pre-trial disposal of the seized
goods disposed of by the magistrate? If yes, was the
process of disposal initiated and certificate to that
effect placed in CD file as evidence?
DURING TRIAL
1. Is the progress of trial satisfactory? If not, was the
concerned prosecutor consulted and steps taken to
ascertain the reasons and casus of delay?
2. Whether all the prosecution witnesses attended the trial
and were examined?
3. Whether the police witnesses/ public servants attended
the court and recorded their statements? If not
whether any intimation was sent to their immediate
superiors for information in order to secure his
attendance in the court?
4. Whether any departmental action initiated against
the erring officials/officers who failed to attend the trial
of the case despite notice?
P a g e | 37
5. Was a judgment of conviction or acquittal and
confiscation of goods u/s 60,61,62 and 63 of NDPS Act
passed in the case?
6. Whether the disposal proceedings of drugs and
other items, ordered by the court, initiated as per the
prescribed procedure?
7. Whether the judgment order analysed in case of
acquittal or in case of lighter punishments awarded in
cases and discussed with the concerned
prosecutors/legal experts of the department to file
appeals in the higher forums?
******
P a g e | 38
ANNEXURE-A
NAME OF ORGANIZATION OFFICE/UNIT
(Mention complete address/contact number)
(Authorization to search premises u/s 41(2) of the NDPS Act
1985)
To
(Mention name and designation
of the officer being authorized to
conduct search)
………………………….
………………………….
………………………….
Whereas from the information laid before me it transpires
that an offence in respect of Narcotic Drugs/Psychotropic
Substances/ Controlled Substances has been committed in
contravention of the provisions of the NDPS Act 1985 and that
there is reasonable belief that such substances and other
articles, things, documents which may provide evidence of the
contravention of the Act and of holding illegally acquired
property which are liable to seizure/forfeiture under Chapter
VA of the Act are kept and concealed in the premises/at
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
…… under the control and occupation of
Shri…………………………. S/o…………………………………………
Now therefore, by virtue of powers vested in under Section
41(2) of the NDPS Act, 1985, you are hereby authorized to
search the aforesaid premises by day or by night and seize
such substances, articles, things, documents and inform the
undersigned about the result of the search and action taken in
respect of substance, articles, things, documents recovered
therefrom.
Valid for…………….day.
(Signatures)
Date of Issue:.................. Name and designation of the
G.O
With his Office Seal
P a g e | 39
ANNEXURE-B
NAME OF ORGANIZATION OFFICE/UNIT
(Mention complete address/contact number)
( Notice u/s 50 of the NDPS Act 1985 )
To
………………………….
………………………….
………………………….
Subject: Notice under section 50 of the NDPS Act, 1985.
Sir,
Whereas there is reason to believe that Narcotic
Drugs/Psychotropic Substances/Controlled Substances and/or
documents, articles and things, documents which may provide
evidence of commission of an offence under the NDPS Act,
1985 are in your possession, therefore, your personal search is
to be conducted by the undersigned. If you so require, such
search will be conducted in presence of the nearest Gazetted
Officer or Magistrate.
Date:……………… (Signatures)
(Name and designation of the Officer)
Statement of ………………………………..(the person about
to be searched)
I have been informed and have understood the Notice of
Personal Search under Sec. 50 of the NDPS Act. I require/do
not require that my personal search may be conducted in
presence of the nearest Gazetted Officer or Magistrate.
(Signatures)
Issued on………………… Name of the person
Witnesses:
1.
2.
P a g e | 40
ANNEXURE-C
NAME OF ORGANIZATION OFFICE/UNIT
(Mention complete address/contact number)
( ARREST MEMO )
In view of the recovery and seizure of
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….from the
possession of Shri …………………………………… on
………………and also based on preliminary investigations
including statement of Shri
………………………………………………... dated ………………. u/s
67 of NDPS Act, 1985, it transpires that Shri
…………………………………………….age about ……….years S/o
Shri…………………………………..R/o…………………………..has
committed an offence punishable u/s
16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/27A/28/29/30/31 (strike
out if not applicable to the case) read with Sec 8 of NDPS Act
1985.
Accordingly Shri ……………………………………S/o
……………… has been placed under arrest at about
……………..hrs on …………… He has been informed and
explained the grounds of his arrest.
Date:……………… (Signatures)
(Name and designation of the Officer)
I have been informed and explained the grounds of my
arrest. The fact of my arrest has been witnessed by Shri
……………………………S/o…………………………..R/o……………
…………………who is my friend/ relative.
Received copy of the arrest
Memo.
(Signatures of the person arrested)
Signatures of Witness (s):
P a g e | 41
ANNEXURE-D
NAME OF ORGANIZATION OFFICE/UNIT
(Mention complete address/contact number)
(PERSONAL SEARCH MEMO)
( Jama Talashi )
Subsequent to the arrest of Shri
…………………………………… S/o ………………………. R/o
…………………………….., his ‘Jama Talashi’ was conducted in
the presence of two witnesses and the following items have
been recovered from his possession:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Date:……………… (Signatures)
(Name and designation of the Officer)
Signatures of Witness (s):
1. 2.
Signature of the Arrestee…………………………………………….
Name & Address………………………………..
P a g e | 42
ANNEXURE-E
FORM-F
(SEIZURE REPORT OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC
SUBSTANCES, CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES)
(To be forwarded within 48 hours of the seizure to DG, NCB)
1. NAME OF SEIZING AGENCY:
2. DATE OF SEIZURE:
3. PLACE OF SEIZURE:
4. QUANTITY SEIZED:
KGs. GRAMS
MILIGRAMS
(i) OPIUM ………… …………
…………….
(ii) MORPHINE ………… …………
…………….
(iii) HEROIN ………… …………
…………….
(iv) GANJA ………… …………
…………….
(v) CHARAS
(HASHISH)………………………………………………..
(vi) COCAINE ………… …………
…………….
(vii) ECSTASY ………… …………
…………….
(viii) METHAQUALONE/MANDRAX…………………………………
…
(ix) CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
(*)(PRECURSORS)………………..
(*)ACETIC ANHYDRIDE/N-ACETYL ANTHRANILIC
ACID/EPHEDRINE/PSEUDO EPHEDRINE & ANTHRANILIC
ACID
(x) PSYCHOTROPIC
SUBSTANCES…………………………………..
(xi) KETAMINE ……….. ………….
…………….
(xii) PHARACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS CONTAINING
NARCOTIC DRUGS & PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
……….. ………….
…………….
(xiii) AMPHETAMINE TYPE STIMULANTS (ATS)
………. …………….
…………….
(xiv) LSD ………. …………….
…………….
P a g e | 43
(xv) ANY OTHER
DRUG/CHEMICAL…………………………………..
5. PACKING/MARKING, IF ANY:
6. SECTION OF THE NDPS/OTHER ACTS (DRUGS & COSMETIC
ACT, CUSTOMS ACT, PMLA, STATE EXCISE ACT, ETC.) UNDER
WHICH OFFENCE IS COMMITTED:
7. ADDRESS OF THE PREMISES WHERE SEIZURE EFFECTED:
8. WHETHER SEIZED FROM A FACTORY/ILLICIT LABORATORY:
(IF SO, DETAILS THEREOF)
9. PRICE OF SEIZED DRUGS:
(a) AT THE PLACE OF ORIGIN/SOURCE:
(b) WHOLE SALE:
(c) RETAIL (STREET LEVEL)
10. IF SEIZED AT AIRPORT/RAILWAY STATION/BUS STAND ETC:
(i) FLIGHT/TRAIN/BUS ROUTE
(ii) ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE
(iii) ORIGIN/DESTINATION.
11. MODE OF TRANSPORT-AIR/ROAD/COURIER:
(i) REGISTRATION NO. OF THE VEHICLE:
(ii) MAKE: MODEL:
(iii) NAME & ADDRESS OF THE OWNER:
12. SUSPECTED SOURCE OF THE SEIZED DRUG/CONTROLLED
SUBSTANCES:
(COUNTRY/PLACE AND NAME/PERSON NAME):
13. SUSPECTED DESTINATION OF THE SEIZED DRUG/CONTROLLED
SUBSTANCES (COUNTRY/PLACE NAME/PERSON NAME):
14. MODUS OPERANDI/CONCEALMENT (SPECIFY THE DETAILS
OF MODUS OPERANDI NOTICED)
15. NEW METHOD OF DIVERSION OF PRECURSORS AND ILLICIT
MANUFACTURE:
16. PARTICULARS OF THE OFFENDERS/PERSON ARRESTED (FILL UP
SEPARATE SHEET IF PERSONS ARRESTED ARE MORE THAN
ONE):
(i) NAME:
(ii) ALIAS (IF ANY):
(iii) SEX (MALE/FEMALE):
(iv) PROFESSION-BUSINESS/STUDENT/LABOUR ETC.
(v) FATHER’S NAME:
(vi) AGE/DATE OF BIRTH:
(vii) ADULT OR MINOR (BELOW 18 YEARS)
(viii) NATIONALITY:
(ix) PASSPORT/IDENTITY CARD/PAN NO, ETC.:
(x) DATE & PLACE OF ISSUE:
(xi) ADDRESS (INDICATE THE POLICE STATION AND POST
OFFICE WITHIN WHICH THE PERSON HAS RESIDENCE: PO,
PS:
P a g e | 44
17. WHETHER TRAFFICKER/CARRIER/DRUG PEDDLER/DRUG
ADDICT:
18. PREVIOUS INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG TRAFFICKING OR OTHER
CRIMINAL CASES:
19. WHETHER MEMBER OR PART OF DRUG
SYNDICATE/CARTEL/GANG (IF SO, PROVIDE DETAILS):
20. WHETHER DETAINED UNDER THE PITNDPS ACT EARLIER. (IF
SO, FURNISH DETAILS)
21. PARTICULARS OF ACCOMPLICES NAMED BY THE
OFFENDER/ARRESTED PERSONS (FILL SEPARATE SHEET FOR
EACH ACCOMPLICE)
(i) NAME:
(ii) ALIAS (IF ANY):
(iii) SEX (MALE/FEMALE):
(iv) PROFESSION-BUSINESS/STUDENT/LABOUR ETC.
(v) FATHER’S NAME:
(vi) AGE/DATE OF BIRTH:
(vii) ADULT OR MINOR (BELOW 18 YEARS)
(viii) NATIONALITY:
(ix) PASSPORT/IDENTITY CARD/PAN NO, ETC.:
(x) DATE & PLACE OF ISSUE:
(xi) ADDRESS (INDICATE THE POLICE STATION AND POST
OFFICE WITHIN WHICH THE PERSON HAS RESIDENCE: PO,
PS:
22. BRIEF FACTS OF THE CASE (NARRATE THE EVENTS STARTING
FROM RECEIPT ON INTELLIGENCE (IF ANY) AND ANY FACTS
OF INTEREST FROM VERIFICATION ANGLE):
23. DETAILS OF PROPERTY SEIZED/FORFEITED:
24. NAME, DESIGNATION AND PART PLAYED BY THE OFFICERS IN
THE SEIZURE CASE:
25. ANY EMERGENCE/FORMATION OF NETWORK/GANGS &
INTERLINKAGE. (IF SO, PROVIDE DETAILS)
26. WHETHER JOPINT INTERROGATION DONE AND INPUT
SHARED WITH CONCERNED ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES (IF
SO, PROVIDE DETAILS)
27. SEND FOLLOW UP ACTION/INVESTIGATION REPORT IN
RESPECT OF THE FOLLOWING WITHIN 30 DAYS:
(i) PURITY PERCENTAGE OF SEIZED DRUGS:
(ii) ADULTERANTS/DILUTANTS:
(iii) RESULT OF FINANCIAL INVESTIGATIONS:
(iv) LINKAGE OF NARCO-TERRORISM AND MONEY
LAUNDERING:
(v) ACTION AGAINST MEMBERS OF GANG/SYNDICATES:
(vi) DETAILS OF ACTION INITIATED BY INCOME
TAX/ENFORCEMENT DIRECTODRATES OF REVENUE
INTELLIGENCE AND CUSTOMS:
(vii) INTERFACE WITH OTHER AGENCIES IN INDIA/ABROAD:
P a g e | 45
Dated:………………………..
(Signatures)
(Name and designation of the Officer)
(This report should be forwarded to the DG, NCB, West Block-I,
Wing No. V, R.K. Puram, New-Delhi-110066 within 48 hours of
the seizure. FAX No. 011-26185240).

DRUGS AT COLLEGE BY SHARADA AVADHANAM, APPA

Chapter 001 presidents speech : Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam www.presidentofindia.nic.in

South East Asian Regional Seminar and Workshop-cum-Training Programme on Narcotics & Psychotropic Substances New Delhi on 26th March 2006


I am delighted to participate in the inaugural session. There is a need for finding comprehensive solution for preventing our youth from getting exposed to NDPS which can have a long term effect in the mental and physical health of our youth. Towards this end, the conduct of this seminar with the participation of multiple stakeholders is timely and will definitely go a long way in providing harmonious environment for our youth living in urban and rural areas.
Be concerned about both these factors. I find that the Courts also have a tendency to give the benefit of doubt to the accused purely due to technical reasons of the law. Here, I am reminded of the famous statement of Nana palkivala “law is somewhere and justice is somewhere else”. I would suggest that that the Honorable Justices assembled here to take responsibility to ensure that both law and justice become convergent and pint in the same direction. If this is done, it will become deterrence and the crime rate is bound to reduce. Of course, there is need to speed up the judicial protest with minimum adjournment. Probably it may be useful to conduct a case study of hundred cases to examine the number of adjournments and the duration taken to settle the case on an average. This study may also throw light on how to speed up the judicial process.
Parents
Young people use substances because they satisfy issues related to adolescent development. These needs include: taking risks, demonstrating independence, developing values distinct from parents and other authorities, signaling entry into a peer group, seeking novel and exciting experiences , satisfying curiosity. This time their parents have to pour their parental love, be watchful and see any pattern change in their behavior of the son or daughter. At the first instance when they notice the change, they have to start discussing with the child various problems and enhance the day-to-day communication with the child. Parents must also find productive channeling of the energy of the child to healthy games and sports, fine arts such as painting, music, dance etc. and participation in socially relevant activities apart from the main task of studies. In essence parents have to ensure that the child is kept fully, physically and mentally occupied for nearly eighteen hours a day including the study period in the class. Parents must also have a mechanism to assess whether the child in this period is going to the class or not. Such pro-active step will definitely prevent the child from moving in a negative direction.
Teacher
The teacher in the school has a great responsibility in shaping the character of the student especially during the adolescent period. Any academic performance variation in the student must be noticed and the counseling process must immediately commence. Also, the teacher must have patience to talk to the parents and get some feedback about the behavior of the student at home. In this connection, I recall my teacher Shri Muthu Iyer (1936), when I was in a elementary school in Rameshwaram. If I do not attend the class for any reason the teacher used to come to my home meet my father and enquire about me.
This type of concern he showed for my absence from school. It is very difficult to follow this system in the modern environment. However, periodically parents-teachers meet is essential for promoting the wellbeing of the child.
Participation in Religious activities
Surveys and a few prospective studies show that adults and teens who consider religion be important and who attend religious services weekly tend to be less likely than others to smoke, drink or use drugs. There are many reasons why this might be the case, including (1) adherence to religious prescriptions against the use of particular substances
(2) the satisfaction, through religion , of needs that can lead of drug use (e.g. finding a meaning in life) and (3) involvement in time filling activities that do not involve drug use (e.g., services or youth groups). It is also possible that people who choose to involve themselves in religious institutions have other characteristics that reduce their vulnerability to substance abuse, like supportive families. I understand that a few spiritual institutions in India have effectively de-addicted, rehabilitated and socially reintegrated the victims. Also, they have used the reintegrated youth as the counselors for the young so that they do not get trapped in the same situation.


Enlightened citizenship
The long term solution for evolving a happy, prosperous and peaceful society in our society in our planet is by the creation of enlightened society. How do we create such a enlightened society, which has three components (i) Education with value system (ii) Religion transforming into spirituality and (iii) Economic development for removing societal inequality.
The youth drawn from such enlightened society should become guardians for protecting the new generation youth being invaded by NDPS they should be alert to the happenings around the school and other areas where students are frequented and prevent them from falling into wrong companies. They should also create productive time filling societal activities for the youth during the spare time, holidays and vacation.

Conclusion
Apart from the provisions of the law which can be invoked to punished the guilty, it enjoins on each one of us and the society in general to deal with drug abuse and drug trafficking on a social and psychological level. Our educational system should be so oriented, particularly at the early stages to instill in the young minds a fear of the terrible dangers involved in pursuing drug abuse and how it destroys a individual’s life indubitably. Our educationists need to look at the syllabi particularly at the school levels to see if adequate attention has been given to deal with this problem by making the impressionable minds aware of the danger involved. The parents, the teachers, the NGO’s and religious and spiritual leaders have an equally important role to play in this regard. What is needed is to create a deep and keen awareness in the various strata of the society of the deleterious effects of this deadly habit. And this cannot be a one-off operation; it has to be sustained, continuous and result oriented. Once the younger generation gets into the habit, there is virtually point of no return. De-addiction and rehabilitation centers can play the role only to a limited extent. The basic philosophy should be to ensure that adequate educational inputs are made available to each individual particularly the younger generation early enough so that the various dangers involved are imprinted in the minds once for all. Easy money, apart from the transitory rapture is one vital fact that attracts people to take this habit of drug abuse and drug trafficking. As I mentioned earlier our laws should be strong enough and deal with these aspects effectively and with speed.
I wish you success in your mission of evolving a society free from NDPS.
May God bless you.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Chapter 002 why use drugs?

Address protective and risk factors
Programmes need to focus on the factors that most directly promote health or, conversely, contribute to substance use problems in the population of interest
· In the past, we’ve acted as if young people used substances because they didn’t know any better. While lack of good information can be an issue, the reasons are more complicated. Although young people may use substances for some of the same reasons that adults do (e.g., to relieve stress), they could be using substances for a variety of other reasons: to show independence, signal entry into a peer group and to satisfy curiosity. i
Why some youth experience problems may be even more complicated. Substance use problems usually arise from a combination of individual, family, school and community related factors. The terms “protective” and “risk factors” are often used to identify aspects of a person and his or her environment that make the development of a given problem less likely (protective factor) or more likely (risk factor). Understanding protective and risk factors and their relationship (i.e., resiliency) helps to understand the target population and to design a programme.
A body of international research is showing that the general health status of a society is heavily influenced by the social, economic and physical circumstances of its people (i.e., employment, income and educational levels, working conditions, social status, the degree of social support experienced and early childhood nourishment and care). ii From a population health perspective, these can be viewed as overarching factors or determinants of health that can be influenced by government policy and may affect the use of substances.
Substance use-specific research shows that societal and community level factors include the prevailing social norms and attitudes toward substance use (e.g., the smoking of “herb” or cannabis is traditional in various regions, such as the Caribbean), the level of availability of various substances and economic conditions. Factors arising from the family environment include a history of substance use problems, effectiveness of family management, structure and coping strategies, the level of attachment between the parent and child, the nature of rules and parental expectations and the strength of the extended family network.
At an individual level, some persons may be predisposed to substance use due to their genetic traits. Generally, even in cases where there may be genetic influence, life experiences play a significant role in substance use. It is very important that a child experience stable support and care from a parent or other adult from an early age. The quality of a child’s school experience is a very significant factor for substance use, as well as a number of other problems. Influences on the school experience include academic success, reading skills, problem-solving abilities, feeling a part of the school scene (as opposed to feeling alienated) and participation in extracurricular activities. As a child enters adolescence, the selection of peers and the nature of peer support become more important. Anti-social behaviour, such as violence and gang membership, is a risk factor, as is having friends who use substances. Transitions or significant changes in one’s environment (e.g., moving to a new neighbourhood or school, bereavement, parental separation) can be a significant point of vulnerability for young people. iii General personal and social competence is critically important and is reflected in feeling control over one's life, feeling optimistic about the future, being able to detach from conflict in the home or neighbourhood and being willing to seek support. iv
The more risks that a child or youth experiences, the more likely that substance use and related problems may occur. These risks are dynamic and interplay with the strengths and assets available to a person. Resiliency is a concept that helps in understanding this interplay. Observations have indicated that some people growing up in difficult circumstances fare better than others, and it has been suggested they are more resilient. v
Resiliency can be seen as a balance between stress and adversity (risk factors) on the one hand and the ability to cope and the availability of support (protective factors) on the other. This capability changes over time, is improved by protective factors in the individual and the environment and contributes to the maintenance and enhancement of health. When risks are greater than the individual's protective factors, then even individuals who have been resilient in the past may experience problems. The balance is not determined solely on the basis of the number of protective and risk factors present in the life of an individual but on their respective frequency, duration and severity, as well as the developmental stage at which they occur.
These same attributes have been extended to describe resilient families and communities. vi Promoting resiliency and strengthening protective factors in a person is preferred by many to focusing on deficits and problems. vii viii However, a strict focus on promoting resilient children that can cope with various adversities may result in neglecting the important work of reforming unhealthy environments.
Many out-of-mainstream youth face multiple risk factors. One Canadian study found that 60 per cent of female and 47 per cent of male street youth left home to escape a family situation characterized by conflict, abuse or parental alcohol or other drug problems. ix Many school dropouts experience alienation in the school system even though they may have satisfactory academic records. x Dropping out of school makes it difficult for these young people to secure employment. Often, participation in illegal activities is driven by the need to meet basic needs and support a drug habit. xi xii A clear advantage of the protective/risk factor approach is understanding that many social and health problems are linked by the same root factors. Such understanding can lead to better integration of strategies and economizing of resources. However, because a factor is linked with substance use problems does not necessarily mean that it causes it. Consequently, the actual preventive effect of addressing one or another of the protective or risk factors is not very clear and undoubtedly varies between factors. xiii Nevertheless, it appears that addressing protective or risk factors in several domains of a young person’s life (school, family and community) can lead to positive outcomes.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@chapter 003: Understanding drug abuse / Why do young people use drugs? Collated by Sharada avadhanam

Experts use “Modified Social Stress Model” to understand why particular individuals start abusing drugs.

This is actually commonsense.

There are a number of factors in ones life that can cause one to start using drugs; these, they call RISK FACTORS.

At the same time, there are some other factors that prevent one from doing so and these are called PROTECTIVE FACTORS.

If the risk factors in an individual’s life outweigh the protective factors, it is likely that (s)he will start abusing drugs.

· RISK FACTORS
Personal factors

Being a man or a woman – worldwide, many more men than women use drugs. However, this is changing. girls abuse licit or legal substances like alcohol, prescription drugs and other substances that are socially accepted.

Being young is in itself a risk factor – young people are in a constant struggle to establish their identities, and answer questions like, “Who am I? What is my role in society? What do I want to be?” Finding answers to these questions is never an easy thing and it takes some time. Often, during this period, you can start doubting yourself, your ability to achieve and to do things. It is then that you may try to “forget about the world” or “drown your sorrows by abusing different substances.

If a person has mental problems, (s)he is more likely to start using drugs.

Undeveloped or underdeveloped personal skills like the inability to take decisions, to express what (s)he feels, to assert themselves, to solve problems, etc. also put an individual at greater risk of succumbing to substance abuse.

Environmental Risk Factors
The environmental factors that are likely to encourage substance abuse are:

The young person’s parents do not know how to look after him/her emotionally, physically or in terms of providing the right kind of support and guidance;

The person does not have a family;

The person’s parents, brothers or sisters abuse drugs of any kind;

The young person is being mentally, physically, sexually or verbally abused;


The young person is moving around with a group of people who abuse drugs;

The society that the person is part of has cultural and/or religious values that encourage substance abuse or the media, advertising and attitudes in the society condone abuse;

The person is homeless and is living with or without his/her family on the streets;

There are few/no opportunities for education;

There is a lot of free unstructured time in which there are no constructive, imaginative and challenging activities to take part in;

There are no job opportunities or even the hope of getting a fulfilling job;

Health services are not provided or if they are provided, they are not youth friendly;

There is widespread availability of licit and illicit substances, since laws and regulations that are supposed to discourage or prevent abuse are not stringent or are not enforced.

· PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Personal Factors

The main factors that protect an individual against drug abuse are:

Well-developed personal skills to deal with difficult situations such as an ability to analyse situations, to take quick decisions, to communicate with others, to relax, to negotiate and enter into compromises etc.

Environmental Protective Factors

Good personal connections to people including family members and friends, animals and things that encourage caring, sharing and bonding. For example, having a friend who is willing to help them out in difficult situations, who has good personal skills, or having a pet that they must look after. In both these cases, one has to learn to be responsible not only for something/one else but for your own self.

Adequate resources to meet physical and emotional needs of the person, e.g. schools, youth friendly health services, social centres with recreational activities, sport facilities, employment opportunities etc.

Cultural norms that discourage substance abuse. For example, Gujarat in India, the State where Gandhi came from, has a long tradition of temperance. Alcohol is prohibited and the community at large does not tolerate intoxication. The extent of drug abuse in this state is much smaller than in other parts of the country.

The laws that regulate substance use are stringent and well enforced and access to licit and illicit drugs is limited or difficult.

When you go into a community and select your target group for prevention, you must keep in mind these factors while deciding what action to take. Remember though, that all the factors that we have spoken about are a generalization on the basis of the experiences of people who have worked in the field of drug abuse prevention for years.

These factors by no means cover all the possible things that contribute to young people taking drugs. And they certainly don’t give you ONE reason or even THE most important reason for drug abuse.


One of the worst things about drugs is that they most commonly affect young people who, because they ARE young, already have problems in their lives. There are many difficult physical and emotional changes that take place when young people move from childhood to the teenage years, a period often called adolescence. This is generally the time when most young people begin experimenting with drugs. However, youth around the world have many different reasons for using drugs. In many cases, young people turn to their friends for support. These friends don’t always just pressure them to use drugs but often offer drugs as a solution to their problems.

The reasons for doing drugs vary from country to country and from one economic class to another, but there is a certain underlying theme. For example, one of the reasons given by youth from the developed world and from the middle classes in the developing world was BOREDOM.

Now, what a strange word that is. Think about it. What is boredom? A lack of interest in anything, a lack of willingness to do something, a lack of motivation to involve yourself in any kind of activity that makes you feel good, frustration with what you have and don’t want... A little bit of thought will make you realize that boredom has less to do with a lack of fun and much more with the lack of opportunities to express one-self.

Similarly, another reason in the poorer sections of society was a lack of basic rights like food, health, education and the chance to earn a living. Either way, both kinds of reasons point towards one underlying factor, namely the lack of power, of control over ones life.

In the case of BOREDOM, this lack of power shows itself in a feeling of not being able to do what you want. Every choice that you get is a choice that you don’t want, largely because somehow you know that these are not choices that you had any say in. In the case of a lack of basic rights, this lack of power is felt more immediately as an absence of things, medicines, food, shelter, and water, which are essential for life.

All the young people should TAKE CONTROL. They should have a willingness to stand up for their rights, to demand their rightful place in each of their societies. The message is that the “high” you get from fighting for your right to be heard and the right to make a difference to the way we live, removes the need for artificial highs.

To sum up, more often than not, it is a lack of power that pushes young people to seek “freedom” in drugs. This lack of power may be felt as boredom, as starvation, as abuse, as a lack of opportunities to earn etc. And since power is something that is never given freely by those who have it to those who don’t, young people need to learn how to become more powerful.

You cannot do this by fighting in the streets or rioting after sports matches but by learning how to build partnerships with those who have control over your lives, by using your youth, your fresh ideas and your open minds to find better ways of doing.

· Basic prevention principles

While setting up drug abuse prevention programmes, there are a few general principles.

Drug abuse prevention programmes should be community based, that is, they should involve the whole community or at least the most important parts of it.

Your programme should not be too narrow in its focus but look at the whole range of substances on a broad scale.

Since it is usually young people who are most at risk, they should be the main focus of your programmes. But you must take care to involve other groups which may have an influence on the living conditions and social environment of the main target group.

Whoever said that prevention is better than cure definitely got it right. It is much better to prevent young people from starting to use drugs than entering at a later stage and helping them give up drugs.
You can try and prevent drug abuse by creating healthy and attractive alternatives to substance abuse.
Alternatives to substance abuse are attractive if they combine and encourage individual skill development, interesting leisure activities and a supportive attitude in the community.

The following are the basic elements:

Promotion of health

Health can be promoted through personal and cultural practices, which cover basic social and recreational needs.



Focus on people and encouragement of social interaction

Social skills are best learned in social environments. All your activities should therefore have a strong element of social interaction. Strategies that improve the social climate as a whole should be pursued. Understanding and cooperation between different generations will be improved if you organize activities in which both young and old can take part. This will help young people to communicate with their parents and other adults who influence their lives in the community.

Local involvement of young people and respect for cultural values

All your activities should closely involve young people from the particular area that you are working in. The values that you try to promote through your programmes should respect cultural traditions of the communities.

Encouragement of positive alternatives

"Positive" is a relative term which must be seen in the light of local values, with understanding of the needs of young people and what appeals to them. Try and reinforce the desirable traditions and practices in the community.

Gaining from research and experience

Build on existing research-based evidence regarding
How to identify substance abuse related problems;
How to find out the causes of the problems;
How to find out the possible preventive responses to the identified problems;
How to effectively implement preventive activities;
How to judge the effectiveness of your activity/programme.

Long-term perspective

Your programmes should take a long-term view of the situation. Changes in the social climate, acceptance of health-promoting values and making interactive, health-promoting activities part of the local culture are all difficult and time consuming tasks.

Specific populations

The specific needs of vulnerable or disadvantaged youths such as street children, refugees, minority youths and in some cases, young women should be identified and addressed locally.

Community development

Prevention programmes require that there is some hope for economic and social improvement combined with community development work, such as education, health and social services, housing, sanitation or income-generating activities.

Using the media and popular youth culture

Young people are strongly influenced by the mass media and other sources outside the local community. Your programmes should try and encourage people like famous pop stars, TV channels and local heroes to contribute to the promotion of health among young people. You can do this by:

Learning to cope with such influences, advocating more responsible media and treatment of youth issues,

Encouraging the mass media to look at their marketing practices towards young people,

Utilizing media and popular youth culture for promoting local health messages and projects.

No particular approach or strategy has been proven

Not all young people are the same and they are not all equally vulnerable.
Strategies should be carefully tailored to clearly defined target groups;

Using different strategies all together is probably the best way to approach the drug abuse problem. Ideally, they should combine the knowledge/ attitude/behaviour approach with health promotion, and the building of self-esteem and resistance skills;

Encourage individual strengths and those things that protect individuals in stressful situations and environments, and try to give youth a set of specific skills for resisting peer pressure to use drugs, in communications or relationships with peers. Offer young people accessible and low-cost opportunities to meet together, cultivate an appreciation for the arts, play sports and take part in other challenging activities that develop self-confidence;

Involve young people from the community at every stage of the development of prevention programmes;

Prevention should not focus on one drug only, but substance abuse in general, including that of tobacco, alcohol and inhalants;
Young people are usually open to new information if it is factual and does not contradict every part of their personal experience of drugs. Scare tactics reduce the trust that youth may have in the advice of adults and in some cases, even encourage risky behaviour;

Prevention programmes should include the family and the community at large in order to reinforce the information that is communicated to young people in the context of prevention activities.

DIFFERENT STAGES OF DRUG DEPENDENCY:
Drug dependency is like a giant wheel which we cannot disembark. Many friends start using drugs together but some retain control while for some dependency develops.
We donot recognise the condition early as we do not consider ourselves to be the problem person. We think an addict is a person who spent all his time in drug dens, staggered when he walked, fell down in gutter, became violent and beat up his wife and parents. We should appreciate that normal individuals like us also can be dependent on drugs and need help.
Addiction is a treatable condition and recovery is a process. It is not a moral weakness, not a lack of will, power not a sin , not a crime.
A dependent is one whose drug use causes continuing problems in any area of his life like family, job, finances.
We develop physical and psychological dependence on drugs. The body gets accustomed to the presence of drugs over a period of time, that when we suddenly stop using it, we experience withdrawal problems, which range from tremors, sleep disturbances and nervous ness to cramps, disorientation and hallucinations. This state is called physical dependence.
Drugs become so central to our thoughts, emotions and activities that we are unable to think of anything else. We are constantly thinking and struggling with thoughts of how , when and where we can get out next fix. This is called psychological dependence.
Addiction leads to physical , emotional , interpersonal and financial problems.
Unless we abstain totally , the condition will deteriorate progressively.
Addiction can be treated.
Due to our long term bondage to drugs, we have a tendency to visit drug dens or be with drug users. If we do so, we will be unable to exercise control, and will end up with the same obsessive pattern.
In the problem of addiction there are three phases.
Early phase is characterized by increased tolerance. This is the first warning sign of the development of dependence. Progressively higher amounts are needed to get the same old high.
Alcoholics and date rape drug users experience blackouts, which are inability to remember anything done during the period of high, later on.
Even when not taking drugs, we are always preoccupied with the thoughts of how , when and where to get out next fix.
Due to guilt feeling, we avoid any talk about drugs. We do not want to talk about it, listen to, or even read anything that has reference to drugs.
Middle phase:
There is loss of control over the amount used. Later on we lose control over time place and occasion. Once we start using drugs, we totally lose control. Loss of control is a clear cut sign of dependency. We cannot control or change the habit and all methods of giving up fail. We need to accept that we are powerless over drugs.
Justifying use of drugs: we feel guilty and depressed. We justify our use by giving excuses like unhappy married life, stress at work, or pressure from friends. In an attempt to reduce out feelings of guilt, we keep on changing the reasons we give but our drug use continues.
Grandiose behaviour: we talk big about ourselves and spend much more than what we can afford on wasteful items like sweets, flowers, autos, movies etc. when we cannot make both ends meet.
Abstaining for a temporary period: at this stage, we would have developed a number of problems – health problems, problems at home and at office. Our partners may threaten to leave us, we may be warned at the office. In order to convince ourselves and others that we can give up drugs on our own, we abstain for some time – at times even for a month = but after that we get back to excessive use all over again. Every time we start using again, it is with the avowed intention of keeping it well under control. But for persons who have developed dependency control is like a glass cup broken on fall, which cannot be repaired.
Changing the pattern: after trying to abstain, we take another precaution. We change out drug taking pattern to show that we can start taking drugs again without experiencing the same old problems. We shift from brown sugar to ganja, from ganja to alcohol. But no matter how may changes we make we become submerged in the same problems that haunted us before.
Chronic phase: this phase is characterized by noticeable physical mental and social deterioration. There is total breakdown in our relationship with the familiy.
Ethical breakdown: we start telling lies, steal or borrow in order to maintain our supply of drugs.
Paranoia and hallucinations in case of alcohol abuse. We suspect our spouses. We are also afraid that others are plotting against us. We experience hallucinations – see and hear things which are no present. Hear voices, see non existent things, fell something crawling on the skin.
Lack of motor coordination: we cannot hold a coffee cup. We cannot shave. We must have a high or a few drinks before we become able to do daily chores. We use drugs just to live – but the same miserable life.
The only solution is to get medical help.
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chapter 004: Good Practices
Develop Programmes According to Risk and Use
Levels
The general extent of substance use, particularly problematic use, is an important consideration in determining the level of the preventive effort required in a community.
Most evaluations show that as time passes, programme effects erode and need to be reinforced.1 Given this, prevention efforts need to provide coverage through childhood and adolescence or at least be coordinated with other activities to create this effect.
Prevention planners need to understand the nature and extent of youth substance use and to account for local protective and risk factors to clarify their targets and to more precisely gauge appropriate programme intensity and duration. As a rule, the higher the risk for a group or sector of the population, the greater the intensity necessary in the prevention effort.2 In North America, target groups for prevention initiatives are increasingly being classified according to risk level (i.e., Universal, Selective and Indicated targets), a framework that is seen as more discriminating than the terms primary and secondary prevention.1 Programme focus, intensity and duration need to vary according to these target groups.
Universal prevention
Prevention activity can target a broad or “universal” population (e.g., all students in grades five and six) with the aim of promoting the health of the population or preventing or delaying the onset f substance use. Children and youth are often the focus of
Universal prevention efforts intended to address risk factors and practices relating to traffic crashes and other trauma, unwanted pregnancies, suicide and other short- and long-term health and social problems. Parents and families are another priority for
Universal prevention, largely due to their role in supporting the healthy development of children and the challenges in balancing family and work commitments. Measures often associated with Universal prevention include awareness campaigns, school drug education programmes, multi-component community initiatives and, in the case of alcohol and tobacco, various measures to control availability and price.
Schools are a strong setting for Universal programming and need to provide appropriate programming in all grades. Given that a significant number of children have initiated use by age 12, primary prevention efforts need to give particular attention to nine- and 10- year-olds before use begins. For Universal youth programmes, a minimum level of intensity is usually one 45-60 minute contact a week over at least 10 weeks.3 Programmes that provide “booster” sessions in subsequent years to reinforce earlier lessons have been shown to be more effective.
While parents need to be encouraged to be involved in broad prevention efforts, they, of course, have a crucial part to play in preventing substance use problems through their role as parents. Parental monitoring of children’s behaviour and strong parent-child relationships are also positively correlated with decreased drug use among students.4
Parenting programmes can support this role by addressing the following issues: clarifying and explaining values to their children, modeling healthy behaviours, understanding children’s needs and self-concept, communicating effectively with their children, developing problem-solving skills, providing appropriate reinforcement and consequences, use of behavioural contracts and fostering a democratic environment in the family.5
Parents also need to acquire accurate information on the various substances of abuse and their effects, so they can discuss them knowledgeably with their children.

· Parenting programmes typically have trouble attracting parents. It has been suggested that parent information, education and support need to be “normalized” by making them widely available through media, information lines and work site and school programmes.6
· It has also been suggested that programmes be entrenched in a neighbourhood and available over the course of a number of years rather than the more typical “one-off” sessions. Parents are more likely to be engaged in a parenting programme if it is perceived as being established and having a good track record. Many parents may benefit from help on communications, coping and disciplinary skills in a brief one- or two-session programme. 7
These broad, lower-intensity efforts aimed at the population, in general, can serve to “till the soil” by creating greater awareness of the issue and acceptance of the need for more targeted programmes.8 Similarly, they can lead some individuals to contemplate changing risk behaviours and to present themselves for more intensive programming.9
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chapter 005: Good Practice :Seek comprehensiveness
· Research indicates that comprehensive programs (i.e., those involving multiple components and domains) are much more likely to be effective than single-focused activities. Because of the range of factors that can contribute to substance use problems, it is important that communities or programs identify and address relevant factors through a number of activities that are well coordinated. Families and schools are critically important domains in youth substance use problem prevention. There is still greater promise when their efforts are complemented by others at the community level, including the media, youth agencies, sports and arts groups, communities of faith and municipal governments.
· Community coalitions or other planning bodies need to consider a range of complementary policies and services targeting youth. The coordination of different interventions can be accomplished in a number of settings or within a single organization or agency. For example, schools can combine classroom instruction, peer helper programs, parent education, school policies and mentoring for at-risk students.
· Municipalities can coordinate recreation programs, community policing and neighbourhood support programs. Joint planning in community coalitions will avoid duplication of services and increase the resources that can be brought to an initiative. Comprehensiveness also means giving attention to organizational policies (e.g., school board or youth agency) to ensure they reinforce program aims. 1 2 A recent review did not find evidence of added effect from policies intended to influence the environment (many of the studies reviewed did not attempt to separate out the contribution of the different elements, such as media, and parent training, to a positive effect). 3 However, the current consensus of experts is that policies need to reinforce programming. At the broader level, legal and regulatory measures (e.g., price increases, server training programs that give attention to underage drinkers, enforcement of minimum purchase age laws) need to be considered as they have demonstrated reductions in youthful alcohol-related harm. 4
· Comprehensiveness challenges programmers to see their prevention initiatives as contributing to a series of interventions that present developmentally appropriate messages throughout childhood and adolescence. For example, school prevention efforts need to be ongoing from Kindergarten to Secondary School, allowing messages to be repeated and reinforced. Comprehensiveness in a community also means ensuring that the various parts of the youth population—from lower risk to higher risk—are being served.
· Programs for higher risk youth may be situated in multi-service centers or other settings, such as emergency wards in hospitals, health clinics (e.g., for expectant adolescent women), in shopping malls and on the street. Police and the courts have an important opportunity to intervene and divert young people to prevention or treatment programs in the community. A comprehensive approach to programming for higher risk youth may call for the attention and collaboration of some who haven’t traditionally played a role in preventing substance use problems, such as urban planners, housing authorities, shopping mall management and employment policy makers. 5
· Street youth indicate that they have important basic needs. Food and stable housing are basic requirements for getting off the street; job training, educational upgrading and personal counselling are also important. 6 7 The needs of youth involved with injection drug use may be greater still. 8 Young injection drug users are often involved in multiple use may be greater still. 8 Young injection drug users are often involved in multiple drug use, with their daily activities revolving around the acquisition and use of drugs. Involvement in illegal activities is often a means of meeting the financial demands of their drug use, often to the detriment of basic subsistence needs. These realities necessitate a comprehensive prevention and harm reduction approach that gives attention to the environment in which unsafe behaviour occurs, and to the provision of basic needs.

At a broader level, the protective and risk factors associated with substance use problems may also be factors with other problem behaviours. For example, in some communities, poverty, particularly if associated with a dysfunctional lifestyle, has been shown to be a risk factor for not only substance use problems, but also pregnancy and violence among young people. Similarly, difficulties in school are associated with a number of social problems among youth, including substance use problems. 9 10 Prevention efforts that address broad risk factors have the opportunity to support and integrate with other strategies that aim to improve the lives of people and communities. 11 On this basis, a substance use problem prevention plan or strategy might be embedded within a larger crime prevention, safety or health promotion initiative.
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chapter 006: DRUGS AND CHARACTERISTICS: SARADA AVADHANAM

1.Tolerance and Withdrawal
lPhysiological phenomena
lTolerance
lNeed for increased amounts of substance to achieve desired effect
lDiminished effect with use of same amount
lWithdrawal
lCharacteristic syndrome of a drug upon stopping
lTaking the substance or a similar one to avoid withdrawal
*Not all drugs have an associated withdrawal

2. How are drugs taken?
lDrink (Alcohol)
lEat (swallow pills, dissolve on tongue)
lInhale
lSnort (sniff powder through nostrils)
lSniff vapors (heroin – “chasing the dragon”)
lSmoke
lInject
lIntravenous – into a vein
lIntramuscular –into a muscle
lSubcutaneous – “skin popping”
* Injecting heroin usually involves dissolving the powder in tap water and heating in a spoon.

3.How are drugs taken?
lAlcohol Drink
lNicotine Smoke, Chew
lMarijuana Smoke, Eat
lHeroin Smoke, Inhale Vapors, Inject, Snort
lCrack/Cocaine Smoke, Inject, Snort
lMeth Smoke, Inject, Pills, Snort
lLSD Dissolve, Absorb
lMushrooms Eat

4.What are risk factors for drug abuse4?
lFor Children:
lEarly unchecked aggressive behavior/ impulsivity
lLack of parental supervision
lHanging out with substance using friends
lDrug availability
lCommunity poverty
lCaregiver who uses drugs
lAttitude of being OK with drug use
lFor Everyone:
lStress
lLife transition periods (stress)…moving cities, losing friends, being down and out
lCoexisting mental illness

5.Risk factors
lBeing a man/ belonging to a group
lBad company /peer group
lBeing yourself/ wrong self image and assertiveness
lMental problems
lUndeveloped / underdeveloped interpersonal skills
lHomeless/ stressed family life
lAn idle man’s brain

6.Protective factors
lGood caring emotionally fulfilling family life
lWell developed interpersonal skills and ability to say NO especially the first time
lGood cultural norms / adequate resources for personal upbringing /growth
lStrict enforcement of laws and law abiding behaviour in the immediate society

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS : SEVEN CATEGORIES

7.CNS DEPRESSANTS
lAlcohol
lBarbiturates
lTranquilizers
lChloralhydrate
lSleeping pills
lGHB
lRohypnol

8.CNS STIMULANTS
lCocaine
lAmphetamine
lMethamphetamine
lRitalin

9.HALLUCINOGENS
lLSD
lPeyote
lMushrooms
lEcstasy
lToad licking
lNutmeg
lOther synthetic psychedelic amphetamines



10.DISASSOCIATIVE ANESTHETIC

lAngel dust
lSuper kools
lKetamine (special k)

11.NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
lHeroin
lMorphine
lOpium
lMethadone
lPercodan
lPercocet
lDemerol
lDarvon

12.INHALANTS
lGlue
lPetrol
lPaint thinner
lSpray Paint
lNitrous Oxide
lScotchguard
lFreon

13.CANNABIS
lMarijuana
lHashish
lHash oil
lMarinol

14.Inhalants
4 Includes the fumes of glues, fuels, cleaners, paints, edge dressings, and other materials that can be inhaled
4 “High” can last from 30 seconds to 45 minutes
4 Alcohol-like intoxication, euphoria, delusions, and hallucinations

15.Inhalant Indicators
4 Red rash around the mouth
4 Paint smudges or fumes on the individual
4 Ringing in the ears
4 Coughing
4 Vomiting
4 Chest, muscle or joint pain


16.Club Drugs :FIVE VARIETIES

17.Ecstasy
4 4 hour “trip”
4 Increases body temperature, magnifies emotions and sensations, and distorts time and light
4 Causes a unique pattern of brain injury that may not show up for 10 years

18.Ecstasy Indicators
4 Uncontrollable urge to hug or touch people
4 Extremely docile and passive
4 Frequents raves and dance clubs

19.GHB
4 Warm, relaxed high that mellows emotions
4 Increased dosage causes vomiting, seizures and abrupt loss of consciousness
4 Incredibly addictive with dangerous withdrawal symptoms

20.GHB Indicators
4 Slow, mellow actions and emotions
4 Abrupt loss of consciousness
4 Vomiting
4 Seizures
4 Hallucinations
4 Insomnia

21.Rohypnol
4 Known as the “date-rape” drug
4 Ten times stronger than valium
4 Alcohol-like intoxication that can leave the person unconscious for hours with no memory of the event
4 Overdose easily results from mixing with alcohol or marijuana

22.Rohypnol Indicators
4 Loss of coordination
4 Lack of inhibition
4 Hallucinations
4 Skin rashes
4 Stomach problems
4 Extended unconsciousness
4 Amnesia
AVOID OPEN DRINKS!!!



23.LSD
4 “Trip” is 7 to 12 hours long, but it takes 20 minutes to 2 hours for the drug to take effect
4 Dramatic increase in blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature
4 Distorted perceptions and thoughts, hallucinations, delusions, rapid mood swings and panic attacks
4 Possibility of experiencing flashbacks days or even weeks after taking the drug

24.LSD Indicators
4 Hugely dilated pupils
4 Raised body temperature
4 “Seeing sounds” or “hearing touch”
4 Erratic actions
4 Sudden surges of anxiety
4 Imbalance
4 Tremors

25.Ketamine
4 Fast onset, fast offset, very intense psychedelic experience (45-90 minute trip)
4 Time distortion, out of body experiences, and near paralysis
4 “Trip” affected by the mood and setting of the user - very unpredictable
4 Impaired memory and mild schizophrenia can exist several days after use

26.Ketamine Indicators
4 Slurred speech
4 Uncoordinated and slow movements
4 Inability to move or talk
4 Hallucinations
4 Nausea

27.Steroids
4 Increased muscle mass, enhanced endurance, increased motivation, improved self-image, and euphoria
4 Aggression, violence, and rapid mood swings
4 Intense psychological dependence
4 Long-term use or high dosage can cause psychotic episodes, cancer and liver damage

28.Steroid Indicators
4 Aggressive / violent
4 Acne
4 Rapid hair growth or loss
4 Males - testicular atrophy and breast enlargement
4 Females - masculine characteristics and irregular menstruation


29.Marijuana
4 1-4 hour “high”
4 Mild sensory distortion, feelings of euphoria, increased appetite, unease, anxiety, and restlessness
4 Effects short term memory, motivation, and can create psychological dependence

30.Marijuana Indicators
4 Bloodshot eyes
4 Slowed reaction time
4 Constant case of the munchies
4 Giggly
4 Lethargic
4 Unable to concentrate

31.Cocaine
4 Quick, euphoric high that activates the “fight or flight” response
4 Short high (5-30 minutes) increases risk of repetitive use and overdose
4 Elevated heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
4 Aggressiveness, confidence, anxiety, paranoia, and toxic psychosis

32.Cocaine Indicators
4 Dilated pupils
4 Irritated nasal passages
4 Strong tremors (shakes)
4 Spontaneous body jerks
4 Paranoid and psychotic
4 Spends a lot of money in a short period

33.PCP
4 Dosage-related, bizarre and volatile effects
4 Schizophrenia-like symptoms
4 Most deaths from accidental injury or suicide
4 Long-term use linked to mental and physical ailments that can persist up to a year after cessation

34.PCP Indicators
4 Shallow breathing
4 Sweaty and flushed
4 Nausea and vomiting
4 Drooling
4 Flicking up and down of the eyes
4 Lack of muscular coordination
4 Hallucinations
4 Violent and suicidal


35.METH AND CAT
4 Intense, highly addictive stimulants with dangerous withdrawal symptoms
4 Combination of two highly volatile, toxic substances - no two batches are the same
4 Initial surge of energy and power that can transform into paranoia and depression
4 Tolerance and dependence develop quickly increasing chances of overdose

36.METH/CAT Indicators
4 Mood swings
4 Uninhibited
4 Violent
4 Self-destructive
4 Anxious / paranoid
4 Loss of hunger
4 Hallucinations

37.Depressants
4 Commonly known as “downers”
4 Reduce cognitive and motor skills
4 Does NOT mix well with alcohol
4 Cause a high level of tolerance
4 Can affect the user for hours or days

38.Depressant Indicators
4 Dulled emotions
4 Slowed reflexes
4 Accident prone
4 Lower body temperature

39.Heroin
4 Powerful, very unpredictable narcotic
4 Euphoric oblivion with no pain
4 Extremely addictive with dangerous withdrawal symptoms
4 Needle use increases risk of HIV, collapsed veins and hepatitis

40.Heroin Indicators
4 Evidence of needle use
4 Constricted pupils
4 Reduced appetite
4 Itching
4 Sweating
4 Slow, irregular breathing
4 Stupor


41.CNS DEPRESSANTS – Drugs that depress the overall functioning of the Central Nervous System (CNS) to induce sedation, muscle relaxation, and drowsiness*.


42.ALCOHOL
¬ Alcohol is the MOST ABUSED drug.

¬ Alcohol is a Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant.

¬ Alcohol is considered to be a gateway drug to other drug use.

¬ A standard alcohol drink is considered to be:
Ö One 12-ounce bottle of beer/wine
Ö One 5-ounce glass of wine
Ö 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits

43.Some effects of alcohol are:
¬ Slurred Speech
¬ Blurred Vision
¬ Loss of Inhibitions
¬ Impaired Motor Skills
¬ Nausea/Vomiting
¬ Unconsciousness


44.BARBITURATES
² Barbiturates are prescription sedatives or tranquilizers.

² Barbiturates are multi-colored pills and tablets and are Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants that cause drowsiness.

¬ Barbiturates are also known as:

45.BARBITURATES
lBarbiturates are most often consumed to get “high”.
lBarbiturates can cause:
lSleepiness
l Nausea/Dizziness
l Impaired Senses
l Lack of Motivation
l Loss of Sexual Drive
lIrregular Menstruation
l Vertigo
l Coma
l Death








lBarbiturates are prescribed to treat:
lAnxiety
lDepression
lEpilepsy
lInsomnia
lAlcohol and Other Drug (AOD) Withdrawal

46.KETAMINE
± Ketamine, or ketamine hydrochloride, is a Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressant and a dissociative anesthetic, or a drug that separates perception from sensation.

± Ketamine is used primarily as an anesthetic in veterinary medicine, but is also sometimes used with small children and the elderly.

± Ketamine can be found as a clear white liquid or as a white powder.


47.KETAMINE
± Ketamine can be ingested several different ways:

48.KETAMINE SIDE EFFECTS
± Chronic Depression
± High Blood Pressure
± Muscle Rigidity
± Respiratory Distress
± Paralysis
± Stroke
± Heart Attack
± Death
± “K-Hole” – Slang for the near- death or out-of-body experience that Ketamine causes


49.OPIATES
¹ Opiates are drugs that are derived from the Poppy Plant and are Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants.

¹ The most common opiates are:
Ø Opium
Ø Heroin
Ø Morphine
Ø Codeine

¹ Opiates are known by several different names:

50.HOW ARE OPIATES CONSUMED?
¹ Snorted – Because of the high potency of heroin today, more and more users are snorting the drug.
¹ Smoked – The method of choice for opium is smoking the tar like substance. Other opiates are often smoked on top of marijuana. This is known as “snow capping”.
¹ Injected – Injecting opiates, specifically heroin, is still the choice ingestion method. Many addicts choose to inject the drug because of the quick and powerful onset of the effects. Users can inject the drug directly into the blood stream or the muscle tissue.
¹ Eaten – All opiates can be consumed orally. Many prescription pain killers on the market today are opiates


51.OPIATES SIDE EFFECTS
· Absence of Stress
· Nausea/Vomiting
· Sleepiness
· Constipation
· Itchy Skin
· Impaired Vision
· Altered Mental Process
· Collapsed Veins
· Menstrual Irregularities
· Loss of Sex Drive
· Liver Damage
· Kidney Damage
· Lung Damage
· Brain Damage
· Immune System Damage
· Overdose/Death


52.OXYCONTIN
¹ Oxycontin is a synthetic opium derivative that is available by prescription.

¹ Oxycontin is an extremely potent pain killer that comes in time release tablets that last for up to twelve hours.

¹ Oxycontin is prescribed to cancer patients and chronic pain suffers to help in managing pain.


53.OXYCONTIN
¹ Oxycontin has been linked to over 120 overdose deaths nationwide. In addition to overdose, some serious side effects are:
¹ Chestpains
¹ Muscle Weakness/Aches
¹ Fever
¹ Nausea/Vomiting
¹ Breathing Difficulties
¹ Seizures

54.GHB
¹ GHB, or Gamma Hydroxylbuteric acid, is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that sometimes causes hallucinations.

¹ GHB is usually found as a clear liquid with a slightly salty taste, but can also be found as a small tablet or capsule, all of which dissolve quickly in liquid.

¹ GHB usually is sold by capful or teaspoon, also known as a “dose”.
55.GHB
¹ GHB is also known as:
¹ The side effects of GHB depend on the amount consumed and can be felt within one hour of ingestion

56.ROHYPNOL
² Rohypnol (chemical name – fluritzrazepam) is a CNS Depressant that is more than ten times as strong as Valium.

¹ Rohypnol belongs to the benzodiazepines family, which also includes drugs such as Valium, Librium, and Xanax.

¹ Rohypnol is known as a “Date Rape Drug” due
o to its association with sexual assaults.

¹ Rohypnol is almost always ingested orally in either the pill form or dissolved in a beverage, but is sometimes ground up and snorted



57.ROHYPNOL
There are several side effects associated with Rohypnol use:
¹ Disinhibition
¹ Slurred Speech
¹ Aggressive Behavior
¹ Amnesia
¹ Respiratory Distress
¹ Blackouts (can last 8-24 hours)
¹ Dizziness/Nausea
¹ Overdose
¹ Death

58.CNS STIMULANTS – Drugs that increase the chemical and electrical activity of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and make the user more alert, active, anxious, restless and, in general, more stimulated than normal*.

59.AMPHETAMINES
 Amphetamines are generally a white or off- white powder that can be ingested orally, snorted, or injected.

 The side effects of amphetamine abuse can include:
¹ Dizziness/Nausea
¹ Decreased Appetite
¹ Body Tremors
¹ Irregular Heartbeat
¹ Loss of Coordination
¹ Chronic Psychosis
¹ Chronic Anxiety
¹ Brain Damage
¹ Coma/Death


60.AMPHETAMINES
o Amphetamines are powerful stimulants that increase activity in the Central Nervous System (CNS), or speed up the way the human body works.

¹ Amphetamines are drugs that induce false feelings of power, strength, self-assertion and enhanced motivation.

¹ Amphetamines are also known as:

61.METHAMPHETAMINE
i Methamphetamine is a powerful, synthetic Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant.

i Methamphetamine is generally a white or off-white powder that can be ingested several different ways:
ë Orally – In a pill form
ë Snorted – This can cause severe damage to the interior and exterior of the nose.
ë Intravenously - The methamphetamine can be injected into either the blood stream or the muscle tissue
ë Smoked – Methamphetamine is sometimes smoked by itself or on top of marijuana.

62.What is meth?
IT IS A SYNTHETIC CNS STIMULANT

63.Forms of amphetamine
Ice, Crank, Crystal Meth


64.Medical uses of amphetamine
¹ Obesity (anorexic effects) once major use - no longer
¹ Narcolepsy
¹ Attention deficit disorder

65.Major effects - amphetamine

¹ Autonomic functions
¹ increase blood pressure
¹ increase body temperature
¹ bronchodilation

66.Amphetamine neurotoxicity
¹ Amphetamine and methamphetamine are potentially neurotoxicrequires high doses
¹ 10 to 50 times normal street dose
67.Effects on CNS
¹ Analeptic (awakening)
¹ Anorexia
¹ Psychomotor stimulant effects
¹ decreased fatigue, increased alertness
¹ arousal
¹ elevated mood
¹ euphoria

68.Effects of repeated administration
¹ Tolerance
¹ most autonomic effects
¹ anorectic effects
¹ Sensitization
¹ psychomotor stimulant effects
¹ rewarding effects
¹ (amphetamine psychosis)


69.METHAMPHETAMINE

¹ The side effects of methamphetamine are so serious that they can effect the abuser for the rest of their life:
¹ Anxiety/Panic Attacks
¹ Chronic Depression
¹ Kidney Disorders
¹ Lung Disorders
¹ Immune System Damage
¹ Birth Defects
¹ Severe Psychological Problems
¹ Stroke
¹ Death


70.Why meth is dangerous?
¹ Cheap
¹ Easy to make
¹ Very intense high
¹ Highly addictive
¹ Strong withdrawals

71.COCAINE
¹ Cocaine is a bitter, white, odorless, crystalline drug.

¹ Cocaine is a Schedule II drug and is classified as a CNS stimulant.

¹ Cocaine is extracted and refined from the Coca Plant, which is grown primarily in the Andean region of South America.

¹ Cocaine is also known as:

72.COCAINE
¹ The side effects of cocaine use can be extremely dangerous:

¹ Dilated Pupils
¹ Increased Heart Rate
¹ Nausea/Vomiting
¹ Psychosis
¹ Fear/Paranoia
¹ Kidney Failure
¹ Seizures
¹ Strokes
¹ Overdose/Death
¹ The level and length of the effects depend on how the drug was induced.



73.HALLUCINOGENS – Drugs that cause intensified sensations, mixed-up sensations (visual input becomes sound), illusions, delusions, hallucinations, stimulation, and impaired judgment and reasoning*.

74.LSD
o LSD is hallucinogenic chemical that is derived from a parasitic fungus that grows on rye.

¹ LSD is produced as a crystal, then dissolved in alcohol prior to sale and consumption.

¹ LSD users describe their experience with the drug as a “trip”.

¹ LSD has become known as:


75.HOW IS LSD CONSUMED?
o LSD is generally taken orally, either as a pill, a piece of blotter paper (as seen on right), or via liquid dripped onto a sugar cube. LSD can also be absorbed through the users skin.

76.LSD SIDE EFFECTS
o Physical side of effects of LSD include:
o Dilated Pupils
o Body Tremors
o Extreme Sweating
o Nausea
o Loss of Appetite
o Seizures
o Most psychological side effects are due to severe changes to the users perception, thought, and mood
o Vivid Hallucinations
o Loss of Depth Perception
o Feelings of fear and anxiety – “BAD TRIPS”
o Fusion of Senses (i.e. Seeing Music and Hearing Colors)
o Distorted Perception of Time
o True Hallucinations


77.MUSHROOMS
§ Mushrooms that contain PSILOCYBIN are known as ‘magic mushrooms’ as they contain hallucinogenic properties.

§ Magic mushrooms have been used by several cultures to induce altered states of consciousness during their religious rituals.

§ Mushrooms can be consumed in a variety of manners:
· Eaten – Either raw or cooked, much like non-hallucinogenic mushrooms.
· Drank – Heated with water to make a tea or soup.
· Smoked – The mushroom is ground into a fine powder and often smoked on top of marijuana.


78.MUSHROOMS
The side effects of Mushrooms vary greatly depending upon the strength and purity of the fungus:
¹ Stomach Pains
¹ Increased Heart Rate
¹ Nausea/Vomiting
¹ Diarrhea
¹ Mental Disorders
¹ Anxiety/Panic Attacks
¹ Flashbacks
¹ Impaired Judgement

79.PCP
¤ anesthetic, or drug that separates perception from sensation.
¤ PCP comes in several forms:
Ø Crystalline Powder
Ø Colored Powder
Ø Diluted in Water
Ø Pills
Ø Capsules

¤ PCP is also known as:


80.PCP
¤ PCP can be ingested several ways:
Ø Orally – In liquid or pill form.
Ø Smoked
Ø Snorted
Ø Injected

¤ PCP has been known to be used
in combination with other substances:
Ø LSD – “Super Tripping”
Ø Marijuana – “Killer Weed” or “Boat”
Ø Tobacco – “Sherms”, usually with menthol cigarettes to sooth the burning of the hot PCP smoke.
Ø Mint/Parsley – “Green”

81.PCP SIDE EFFECTS
The side effects of PCP use can cause serious long term damage to the human body:
¹ Irregular Heart Rate
¹ Nausea/Vomiting
¹ Loss of Reflexes
¹ Chronic Psychosis
¹ Kidney Failure
¹ Brain Hemorrhaging
¹ Schizophrenia
¹ Coma
¹ Death

82.MIND ALTERING DRUGS – Drugs that cannot be classified into any single category. Mind altering drugs can contain CNS depressant, CNS stimulant, and/or hallucinogenic properties*.

83.THC
² THC (Marijuana) is the MOST ABUSED illicit drug in the United States Army and is considered to be a “Gateway Drug”.

² Delta 9 - Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active ingredient that causes the “high”.

² THC is psychologically addictive - abuse and addiction is frequently denied.

² Marijuana is a psychoactive or mind altering drug.
² Psychoactive drugs can produce a mind state similar to psychosis.
² Psychosis - A major mental disorder in which the personality is very seriously disorganized


I Marijuana - Made from the leaves, flowers or stems of the hemp plant.

I Hash/Hashish - Concentrated form of marijuana by compressing marijuana resins into small blocks.

I Hash Oil - Made by soaking marijuana in a chemical solvent (such as rubbing alcohol) and then evaporating the solvent to obtain an oil concentrate.


84.INHALANTS
HOW ARE INHALANTS INGESTED?
¹ Inhalants are ingested into the body by breathing in the vapors of the product. Several methods of inhalation are used by abusers:
¹ Use of a Bag – The bag is filled with the fumes and the user breathes air from the bag. Sometimes users will put their entire head into the bag.

¹ Use of a Rag – The rag is soaked in the product and the user presses the rag over his/her mouth and nose.

¹ Pressurized Containers – Some abusers will inhale the product directly from the container.

INHALANTS
³ Many of the products that are abused are everyday household items:


85.PEFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS – Energy producing drugs that are thought to possess various capabilities to boost an athlete’s performance by giving them a competitive edge*.

86.ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS
o Anabolic Steroids are synthetic drugs that relate to the male sex hormones, or androgens.


¹ Anabolic-androgenic Steroids are more commonly known as “Anabolic Steroids”.


87.ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS
Anabolic Steroids Effect the Human Body in Two Major Areas:
1) The anabolic effects of the drugs promote the growth of skeletal muscle.
2) The androgenic effects of the drugs promote the development of male sexual characteristics.


88.HOW ARE THEY TAKEN?
Anabolic Steroids can be ingested in a variety of ways:
1) Orally – In a pill or liquid form.
2) Intravenously – Injected with the use of a hypodermic needle.
3) Rubbed onto the skin with the steroid in a gel or cream form.
***Some steroid users mix different types and amounts of these drugs to increase the effects. This is call “Stacking”.***


89.STEROIDS SIDE EFFECTS
Maleness in females and vice versa.
÷ Baldness
÷ Sterility
÷ Brain Damage
÷ Blood Clotting
÷ High Blood Pressure
÷ Liver Cancer
÷ Hepatitis
÷ Eye Infections
÷ Kidney Disease
÷ Chronic Depression
÷ Loss of Memory
÷ Loss of Interest
÷ “Roid Rage” – An over aggressive, and sometimes homicidal, attitude associated with steroid use.

90.Marijuana and cannabinoids
¹ Cannabis sativa, hempOne of earliest non-food plants cultivated
¹ fiber for rope, seeds for oil and birdseed

91.Marijuana and cannabinoids
¹ Cannabinoids
¹ pharmacologically active compounds
¹ over 60 (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC), 8-THC, cannabinol, etc.)

92.Forms and preparations
¹ Marijuana
¹ mixture of leaves, stems, tops
¹ 1960’s: 1-3% THC; 1990’s: up to 8-10%

93.Forms and preparations
¹ Hashish
¹ dried resin from top of female plant
¹ THC usually 2-5%, but up to 15%
¹ Hash Oil
¹ organic extractionfrom hashish
¹ THC usually ~ 10-20%up to 70%
94.Synthetic cannabinoids
¹ Developed for research
¹ Some very potent

95.History
lSecond only to alcohol & tobacco

96.Pharmacokinetics
¹ Absorption
¹ very lipid soluble
¹ good absorption if smoked (20-37%)
¹ rapid peak

97.Pharmacokinetics
¹ Absorption
¹ slow absorption with oral

98.Metabolism and clearance
¹ rapid initial drop due to redistribution to fats
¹ slower metabolism in liver
¹ metabolites may persist for a week

99.Effects on behavior
¹ Low - moderate doses
¹ disinhibition, relaxation, drowsiness
¹ feeling of well being, exhileration, euphoria
¹ sensory - perceptual changes
¹ recent memory impairment
¹ balance/stability impaired
¹ decreased muscle strength, small tremor
¹ poor on complex motor tasks (e.g., driving)

100.Effects on behavior
¹ High doses
¹ pseudohallucinations
¹ impaired judgement, reaction time
¹ pronounced motor impairment
¹ increasingly disorganized thoughts, confusion, paranoia, agitation
¹ Not lethal even at very high doses

101.Potential medical uses
¹ Glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure)
¹ Antiemetic (reduce nausea and vomiting)
¹ Anticonvulsant
¹ Enhance appetite (e.g., AIDS patients)
¹ Analgesic


102.The Risks of Marijuana
Why focus on marijuana?
¹ Most widely used illicit drug among youth
¹ Challenges to seeing the risks:
¹ Normalization in popular culture
¹ Medical marijuana & legalization
¹ efforts
¹ Widespread ambivalence, misinformation among youth and parents

103.TRUE or FALSE? Questions on marijuana.
¹ Marijuana is not all that harmful. [false]
¹ Marijuana, unlike some other illegal drugs, is not addictive. [false]
¹ Kids are more likely than adults to become dependent on marijuana. [True]
¹ Marijuana is less popular among kids today because of ecstasy and other new club drugs.[false]
¹ Smoking pot only makes people feel mellow. [false]
¹ Marijuana does not have any long-term effects. [false]
¹ Smoking one marijuana joint is as harmful as smoking how many cigarettes? [FIVE]
¹ More teens enter treatment for marijuana use each year than for all other illicit drugs combined.
104.A marijuana joint can contain:
¹ PCP
¹ LSD
¹ All of the chemicals listed: PCP, pesticides, LSD, cocaine and crack can be added to marijuana leaves without users knowing it.

105.Marijuana use has been associated with:
¹ Cancer
¹ School Failure
¹ Traffic accidents
¹ Sexually transmitted diseases
¹ All of the above [ALL THE ABOVE]

107.What happens when a person uses marijuana, other than feeling high?
¹ Loss of motor coordination
¹ Distorted perception
¹ Increased heart rate
¹ Trouble with thinking &
¹ problem solving
¹ All of the above
¹ A person who uses marijuana experiences all these effects. The effects are even greater when other drugs are mixed with marijuana.

108.How long does marijuana stay in the body?
¹ Up to 3 days
¹ Up to 10 days
¹ Up to a few weeks
¹ Up to several months
¹ Even after users stop feeling the effects of marijuana, the drug can linger in the body for a few weeks. That means it can be detected by a standard drug test long after its initial use.


109.Parents are the most important influence on children when it comes to drugs.
¹ Two-thirds of youth say losing their parents’ respect is one of the main reasons they don’t smoke marijuana or use other drugs.

110.Cocaine
Source and history
¹ Naturally-occuring alkaloid in leaves of shrub Erythroxylon coca
¹ first reported use by Europeans - 1499
¹ widely used in late 1800’s, early 1900’s

111.Forms of cocaine
¹ Raw leaves
¹ chew
¹ alkaloid content low (0.6 - 1.8%)
¹ not stable
¹ Coca paste
¹ initial extraction
¹ smoked
¹ around 80% cocaine

112.Forms of cocaine
¹ Cocaine HCl
¹ purified & converted to HCl salt
¹ crystalline form, water soluble
¹ pure if not diluted
¹ snorted or i.v.
¹ Cocaine free base
¹ extract (volatile solvents)
¹ smoked
¹ Crack
o free base made with baking
§ soda & ammonia
¹ crackles when heated

113.Actions of cocaine
Cocaine and amphetamine have different actions on monoamine transporters
¹ Cocaine
¹ Blocks transporter
¹ prevents reuptake
¹ requires calcium

114.Locus of action
¹ Autonomic effects
¹ sympathetic nervous system

¹ Psychomotor and rewarding effects
¹ brain monoamine systems
¹ DA, NE and/or 5-HT?
¹ DA primary locus

Cocaine Paraphernalia

115.Cocaine Methods of Use
¹ causes such pleasurable effects as reduced fatigue, increased mental clarity, and a rush of energy
¹ the more one takes cocaine, the less one feels its pleasurable effect
¹ which causes the addict to take higher and higher doses of cocaine in an attempt to recapture the intensity of that initial high

116.Cocaine Methods of Use
¹ average high a user gets from snorting cocaine only lasts for 15-30 minutes
¹ smoking high, although more intense due to the rapidity in which the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, lasts for an even shorter period of only about five to ten minutes
¹ crashing low, in which the addict craves more of the drug and in larger doses

117.Cocaine’s effects on the nervous system
¹ one of the most potent, addictive recreational drugs
¹ Can cause irreversible damage to the nervous system
Cocaine and the brain

117.Effects of cocaine
Very similar to amphetamine (generalize in drug discrimination), but some major differences:
¹ Duration of action
¹ Cardiovascular effects
¹ danger of CVA much higher
¹ Convulsive properties
¹ these sensitize

118.Psychostimulant actions
¹ Mechanisms of action
¹ Primary actions on monoamine neurotransmission
¹ Monoamines
¹ (compounds with one amine group,- NH2)
¹ Epinephrine (E)
¹ Norepinephrine (NE)
¹ Dopamine (DA)
¹ Serotonin (5-HT)

119.Psychostimulant actions
¹ Catecholamines (CA; catecholaminergic)
¹ (compounds with catechol nucleus and amine)
¹ Epinephrine (adrenergic)
¹ Norepinephrine (noradrenergic)
¹ Dopamine (dopaminergic)
¹ Indolealkylamines (indole and amine)
¹ Serotonin (serotonergic)

120.Cocaine’s Effects on the Brain
¹ produces its pleasurable high by interfering with the brains pleasure centers where such chemicals as dopamine are produced
¹ drug traps an excess amount of dopamine in the brain, causing an elevated sense of well being

121.This is your brain on drugs
¹ By inhibiting the brains release of dopamine and other neurochemicals, cocaine can cause serious and often irreversible damage to neurons within the brain
¹ cocaine users had a reduced number of dopamine neurons
¹ When flooded with the excess of dopamine created during a cocaine high, the brain reacts by making less dopamine, getting rid of this excess, and shutting down the dopamine neurotransmitters, sometimes permanently

122.This is your brain on drugs
¹ the drug cause blood vessels to restrict, increases the body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure, and cause the pupils to dilate
¹ increases ones breathing rate

123.Cocaine Overdose
¹ serious long-term effects to the central nervous system, including an increased chance of heart attack, stroke, and convulsions, combined with a higher likelihood of brain seizures, respiratory failures, and, ultimately, death
¹ overdose of cocaine raises blood pressure to unsafe heights resulting in permanent brain damage

124.Coca-Cola
¹ “Coca-Cola, the globally recognized soft drink manufacturer, buys 115 tonnes of coca leaf from Peru and 105 tonnes from Bolivia per year, with which it produces, without alkaloids, 500 million bottles of soda per day

125.Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
MDMA

126.Effects on behavior and affect
¹ Low doses
¹ relaxation, serenity, emotional closeness
¹ Moderate doses
¹ mild hallucinogenic effects
¹ intensification of feelings
¹ notorious memory impairment
¹ High doses
¹ amphetamine-like effects
¹ hyperthermia (heat stroke)
¹ “hangover”

127.Distribution
¹ Typical use is in pill form
o • "love" "hug" "club" drug
o • permasmile
o • mostly recreational
o • 60-120 mg per pill
§ LD50 = 50 mg/kg
§ (3000 mg)
o • take 1-2 pills
o • $20-30 per pill (whl=$5)

Different class than traditional drug users


128.What is PMA?
¹ paramethoxyamphetamine
¹ "Death" "Mitsubishi Double Stack"
¹ "Killer" "Red Mitsubishi"
¹ substitute for MDMA
¹ cheaper to make
¹ slower longer effects
¹ more hallucinogenic
¹ incidence of toxic side effects much higher than MDMA (narrow safety margin)


129.Opiate/Opioid : What’s the Difference?
¹ Opiate
¹ A term that refers to drugs or medications that are derived from the opium poppy, such as heroin, morphine, codeine, and buprenorphine.
¹ Opioid
¹ A more general term that includes opiates as well as the synthetic drugs or medications, such as buprenorphine, methadone, meperidine (Demerol®), fentanyl—that produce analgesia and other effects similar to morphine.

130.Basic Opioid Facts
¹ Description: Opium-derived, or synthetics which relieve pain, produce morphine-like addiction, and relieve withdrawal from opioids
¹ Medical Uses: Pain relief, cough suppression, diarrhea
¹ Methods of Use: Intravenously injected, smoked, snorted, or orally administered

131.What’s What? Agonists, Partial Agonists, and Antagonists

¹ Agonist =Morphine-like effect (e.g., heroin)

¹ Partial Agonist = Maximum effect is less than a full agonist (e.g., buprenorphine)

¹ Antagonist = No effect in absence of an opiate or opiate dependence (e.g., naloxone)


132.Opioid Agonists
lNatural derivatives of opium poppy
- Opium
- Morphine
- Codeine

133.Opioid Agonists
lSemisynthetics: Derived from chemicals in opium
- Diacetylmorphine – Heroin
- Hydromorphone – Dilaudid®
- Oxycodone – Percodan®, Percocet®
- Hydrocodone – Vicodin®


134.Heroin

135.Opioid Agonists
lSynthetics
- Propoxyphene – Darvon®, Darvocet®
- Meperidine – Demerol®
- Fentanyl citrate – Fentanyl®
- Methadone – Dolophine®
- Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol – ORLAAM®

Methadone

136.Opioid Partial Agonists

lBuprenorphine – Buprenex®, Suboxone®, Subutex®
lPentazocine – Talwin®


137.Opioid Antagonists

lNaloxone – Narcan®

lNaltrexone – ReVia®, Trexan®


138.Opioid Addiction and the Brain
¹ Opioids attach to receptors in brain Pleasure
¹ Repeated opioid use Tolerance
¹ Absence of opioids after prolonged use Withdrawal



139.What Happens When You Use Opioids?
¹ Acute Effects: Sedation, euphoria, pupil constriction, constipation, itching, and lowered pulse, respiration and blood pressure
¹ Results of Chronic Use: Tolerance, addiction, medical complications
¹ Withdrawal Symptoms: Sweating, gooseflesh, yawning, chills, runny nose, tearing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle and joint aches

140.Possible Acute Effects of Opioid Use
¹ Surge of pleasurable sensation = “rush”
¹ Warm flushing of skin
¹ Dry mouth
¹ Heavy feeling in extremities
¹ Drowsiness
¹ Clouding of mental function
¹ Slowing of heart rate and breathing
¹ Nausea, vomiting, and severe itching

141.Consequences of Opioid Use
¹ Addiction
¹ Overdose
¹ Death
¹ Use related (e.g., HIV infection, malnutrition)
¹ Negative consequences from injection:
¹ Infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and C)
¹ Collapsed veins
¹ Bacterial infections
¹ Abscesses
¹ Infection of heart lining and valves
¹ Arthritis and other rheumatologic problems

142.Heroin Withdrawal Syndrome
¹ Intensity varies with level & chronicity of use
¹ Cessation of opioids causes a rebound in function altered by chronic use
¹ First signs occur shortly before next scheduled dose
¹ Duration of withdrawal is dependent upon the half-life of the drug used:
¹ Peak of withdrawal occurs 36 to 72 hours after last dose
¹ Acute symptoms subside over 3 to 7 days
¹ Protracted symptoms may linger for weeks or months
¹ Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
143.Acute Symptoms
¹ Pupillary dilation
¹ Lacrimation (watery eyes)
¹ Rhinorrhea (runny nose)
¹ Muscle spasms (“kicking”)
¹ Yawning, sweating, chills, gooseflesh
¹ Stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting
¹ Restlessness, anxiety, irritability
¹ Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
144.Protracted Symptoms
¹ Deep muscle aches and pains
¹ Insomnia, disturbed sleep
¹ Poor appetite
¹ Reduced libido, impotence, anorgasmia
¹ Depressed mood, anhedonia
¹ Drug craving and obsession

145.Detection of drug [ab]user

146.EYE EXAMINATIONS USED TO ASSESS POSSIBLE DRUG OR MEDICAL IMPAIRMENT
¹ Tracking Ability
¹ Pupil Size
¹ Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus
¹ Vertical Nystagmus

147.TRACKING ABILITY
¹ If the two eyes do not track together,
¹ the possibility of a serious medical condition is present.
¹ Passing a stimulus across both eyes
¹ allows you to see if both eyes are tracking equally.
¹ If they don’t, there is a possibility of a neurological disorder.

148.Drugs That Will Induce Nystagmus
¹ CNS Depressants
¹ PCP
¹ (Most) Inhalants

149.DRUGS CAUSING PUPIL DILATION
¹ CNS Stimulants
¹ Hallucinogens
¹ Possibly Cannabis
¹ (Slight Dilation)

150.Narcotic Analgesics Usually Cause PupilConstriction
151.Drugs That Usually Don’t Affect Pupil Size
CNS Depressants
PCP
Inhalants

152.HORIZONTAL GAZE NYSTAGMUS
What are the 3 clues?
Lack of Smooth Pursuit
Distinct Nystagmus at Maximum
Deviation
Onset Prior to 45 Degrees.


153.PCP Usually Causes
Immediate Onset of
Nystagmus


154.CNS depressants indicators
Eye Indicators
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus
Possibly Vertical Nystagmus
Pupil size generally normal (but dilated by methaqualone)

155.Duration of effects
BARBITURATES: 1-16 HRS.
TRANQUILIZERS: 4-8 HRS.
METHAQUALONE: 4-8 HRS.

156.Stimulants
Eye Indicators
No Nystagmus
Pupils will be
noticeably
dilated

157.Duration
COCAINE: 5-90 MIN.
AMPHETAMINES: 4-8 HRS.
METHAMPHETAMINES: 12 HRS.

158.Synethesia..
A Transposition of Senses
“Seeing Sounds”
“Hearing Colors”

159.Hallucinogens..
Eye Indicators
–No Nystagmus
–Pupils will be noticeably dilated
DURATION VARIES WIDELY FROM ONE
HALLUCINOGEN TO ANOTHER.

160.PCP..
Eye Indicators
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus with Very Early
Onset
Vertical Nystagmus
Pupil Size Generally Normal


161.PCP DURATION
ONSET: 1-5 MIN.
PEAK EFFECTS: 15-30 MIN.
EXHIBITS EFFECTS: 4-6 HRS.


162.NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
EYE INDICATORS
–NO NYSTAGMUS
–PUPILS WILL BE SEVERELY
CONSTRICTED.
DURATION: HEROIN: 4-6 HRS.
METHADONE: UP TO 24 HRS.
OTHERS: VARY

163.INHALANTS
Eye Indicators
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus usually will be
present
Vertical Nystagmus may be present
Pupil size will generally be normal

164.DURATION OF INHALANTS
6-8 HRS. FOR MOST VOLATILE
SOLVENTS
ANESTHETIC GASES AND AEROSOLS -
VERY SHORT DURATION


165.CANNABIS..
Eye Indicators
–No Nystagmus
–Pupil size normal or perhaps
slightly dilated


166.POLY DRUG USE
Using two or more
drugs at the same
time
Examples:
PCP and Marijuana
Heroin and Cocaine
Many others



167.OVERLAPPING
l(Each drug affects people in some distinct ways)
lEXAMPLE
lPCP causes nystagmus but doesn’t affect pupil size;
lnarcotics constrict pupils, but doesn’t cause nystagmus.


168.POLY DRUGS USE
lADDITIVE
l(The two drugs independently produce some similar effects)
lEXAMPLE
lDepressants and Narcotic Analgesics both induce drowsiness



169.ANTAGONISTIC
l(The two drugs produce some opposite effects)
lEXAMPLE
lStimulants usually cause pupil dilation, narcotics
lusually cause constriction.

170.Principles of Pharmacology
Pharmacology
l “The branch of medicine that deals with the uses, effects, and modes of actions of drugs”.
(The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary)
Principles of Pharmacology

171.Drug Nomenclature


172.What is a drug? (Pharmakon (G.), poisons and medicines)
l Substance that is used, "primarily to bring about a change in some existing process or state, be it psychological, physiological or biochemical"

173.Sources of psychoactive agents
lNaturally occurring
lExamples:Ephedrine, which is extracted from plant indigenous to China, ma huang (Ephedra equisetina).
lCocaine, from the leaves of the coca plant
lOpium, extracted from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy

174.Sources of psychoactive agents
l2. Semisynthetics
lExamples:Heroin (from morphine)LSD (from fungi that grow on grain)

175.Sources of psychoactive agents
3. Synthetics

Examples:
Methadone (synthetic opiate)
Amphetamine (powerful stimulant)

176.Sources of psychoactive agents
lOpium
lMorphine
lHeroin
lMethadone

177.Naming Pharmaceuticals
lChemical name
lManufacturer's laboratory designation
lChemical group name
lGeneric or nonproprietary name
lProprietary (brand) name
lGeneral-use name
lStreet names

178.Drug classification
lBy Origin
lBy Action Relative to a Prototype
lTherapeutic Use
lMechanism of Action
lChemical Structure

179.Drug classification
Behavioral effects
l CNS depressants
- Sedative hypnotics
- Anxiolytics
l Stimulants
l Narcotic analgesics
l Hallucinogens (psychedelics)
l Others

180.Drug classification
Legal Classification (Drug Schedules)
lSchedule I (heroin, psilocybin, LSD, THC, mescaline)
lSchedule II (morphine, cocaine, amphetamines)
lSchedule III (ASA w/codeine, anabolic steroids)
lSchedule IV (diazepam, phenothiazines)
lSchedule V (cough syrup with codeine)
lUnscheduled Drugs (aspirin, tylenol, Prozac)
lSome states have Schedule VI (inhalants)

181.Pharmacokinetics

Area of pharmacology dealing with, "the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs"

182.Pharmacokinetics
Factors
lRoute of administration
lAbsorption and distribution
lInactivation
lElimination

183.Routes of administration
lOral (peroral, p.o., via digestive system)
lParenteral injection (through the skin)
3Subcutaneous (s.c.)
3Intramuscular (i.m.)
3Intravenous (i.v.)
3Intraperitoneal (i.p.)
lPulmonary absorption (inhalation)
lTopical application

184.Routes of administration
Effects of route of administration on rate of absorption are due to many factors:
lSurface area available for absorption
lBlood circulation at the site of administration
lAmount of drug destroyed immediately
lExtent of binding to inert substances


185.Blood-Brain Barrier
Limits the ability of drugs to reach the brain, even when they can reach other tissues

186.Pharmacokinetics
lDrug Inactivation and Elimination
lInactivation usually by metabolism (biotransformation) to inactive forms
l(liver major site)
lElimination (metabolites or unchanged drug; kidney major site)
- but also lungs, sweat, saliva, feces or milk

187.Pharmacodynamics

o “The study of the biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanism of action”Objective is identification of the primary actions of a drug
o The dose-effect curve

188.For an AGONIST
· A drug that binds to receptor and has a pharmacological effect
· Major characteristics are :
· Potency
· Location (left-right) on a dose-effect curve
· Maximum effect
· Dose where increases in dose produce no further increase in effect
· Potency

Potency

189.Side effects and specificity
lAll drugs have multiple effects
lAll drugs are “dirty”
lDegree depends on dose, specificity etc.
lSide effects are unwanted or undesirable effects (although are “real” effects)

190.Agonists vs Antagonists
lAgonist
A drug that binds to receptor and has a cellular (pharmacological) effect
lAntagonist
A drug that binds to a receptor but produces no direct cellular effect
Antagonists produce their effects by blocking the action of an agonist, or an endogenous ligand (e.g., a transmitter), at that receptor


191.Noncompetitive antagonists
lAgonist can only act on the population of receptors not effected by the antagonist
(May be reversible or irreversible)
lIrreversible may form long-lasting bond with receptor
lReversible acts to prevent agonist-receptor coupling (e.g., on different site than agonist, through different mechanism)

192.Tolerance and sensitization
The effects of a drug may change with repeated administration

193.Tolerance
lDecreased response with repeated administration, or
lA higher dose is required to produce the original effect (shift to right)

194.Cross-tolerance
Tolerance and sensitization

195.Sensitization
lIncreased response with repeated administration, or
lA lower dose is required to produce the original effect (shift to left)
lCross sensitization

196.Tolerance and sensitization
May involve multiple mechanisms
lPharmacokinetic (dispositional) changes
lPharmacodynamic changes
(cellular adaptations)
lBehavioral (learning) factors
197.Psychomotor stimulants
Psychomotor stimulants

198.Large class of diverse compounds
lStimulate alertness, arousal (“psycho-”)
lStimulate motor activity (“-motor”)
Major ones:
lAmphetamines and related compounds
lCocaine

199.Naturally-occuring compounds
Cathinone
lactive agent in Khat (shrub)
lchewed
lsynthetic version (meth-cathinone)

200.Ephedrine
lfrom Ma Huang (herbal tea)
lisolated in 1920’s
lbronchodilator for asthma
lpseudoephedrine is an isomer of ephedrine
lstructure similar to epinephrine


201.BUPRENORPHINE TREATMENT: approach for MULTIDISCIPLINARY ADDICTION PROFESSIONALS
Opioids


202.Terminology
Receptor:
specific cell binding site or molecule: a molecule, group, or site that is in a cell or on a cell surface and binds with a specific molecule, antigen, hormone, or antibody


Dependence vs. Addiction: What’s the Difference?

203.Dependence versus Addiction

lsubstance dependence is defined as continued use despite the development of negative outcomes including physical, psychological or interpersonal problems resulting from use.

Terminology
204.Dependence versus Addiction
lAddiction may occur with or without the presence of physical dependence.
lPhysical dependence results from the body’s adaptation to a drug or medication and is defined by the presence of
lTolerance and/or
lWithdrawal

205.Dependence versus Addiction
lTolerance:
the loss of or reduction in the normal response to a drug or other agent, following use or exposure over a prolonged period

206.Dependence versus Addiction
lWithdrawal:
a period during which somebody addicted to a drug or other addictive substance stops taking it, causing the person to experience painful or uncomfortable symptoms
OR
a person takes a similar substance in order to avoid experiencing the effects described above.

207.Criteria for Substance Dependence
lThree or more of the following occurring at any time during the same 12 month period:
lTolerance
lWithdrawal
lSubstance taken in larger amounts over time
lPersistent desire and unsuccessful efforts to cut down or stop
lA lot of time and activities spent trying to get the drug
lDisturbance in social, occupational or recreational functioning
lContinued use in spite of knowledge of the damage it is doing to the self

lTo avoid confusion, in this training, “Addiction” will be the term used to refer to the pattern of continued use of opioids despite pathological behaviors and other negative outcomes.
l“Dependence” will only be used to refer to physical dependence on the substance as indicated by tolerance and withdrawal as described above.



208.What is the Definition of “Half-Life?”
lThe time it takes for half a given amount of a substance such as a drug to be removed from living tissue through natural biological activity

209.Duration of Action
Two factors determine the duration of action of the medication:
lHalf-life - time it takes to metabolize half the drug. In general, the longer the half-life, the longer the duration of action.
lReceptor affinity or strength of the bond between the substance and the receptor - medications that bind strongly to the receptor may have very long action even though the half-life may be quite short.

210.Treatment of Opioid Addiction
Treatment Options for Opioid-Addicted Individuals
lBehavioral treatments educate patients about the conditioning process and teach relapse prevention strategies.
lMedications such as methadone and buprenorphine operate on the opioid receptors to relieve craving.
lCombining the two types of treatment enables patients to stop using opioids and return to more stable and productive lives.

211.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Medically-Assisted Withdrawal
lRelieves withdrawal symptoms while patients adjust to a drug-free state
lCan occur in an inpatient or outpatient setting
lTypically occurs under the care of a physician or medical provider
lServes as a precursor to behavioral treatment, because it is designed to treat the acute physiological effects of stopping drug use
How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?
212.Long-Term Residential Treatment
lProvides care 24 hours per day
lPlanned lengths of stay of 6 to 12 months
lHighly structured
lModels of treatment include Therapeutic Community (TC), cognitive behavioral treatment, etc.
lMany TCs are quite comprehensive and can include employment training and other supportive services on site.

213.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Outpatient Psychosocial Treatment
lVaries in types and intensity of services offered
lCosts less than residential or inpatient treatment
lOften more suitable for individuals who are employed or who have extensive social supports

214.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Outpatient Psychosocial Treatment
lGroup counseling is emphasized
lDetox often done with clonidine
lAncillary medications used to help with withdrawals symptoms
lPeople often report being uncomfortable
lOften people cannot tolerate withdrawal symptoms and discontinue treatment

215.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Behavioral Therapies
lContingency management
lBased on principles of operant conditioning
lUses reinforcement (e.g., vouchers) of positive behaviors in order to facilitate change
lCognitive-behavioral interventions
lModify patient’s thinking, expectancies, and behaviors
lIncrease skills in coping with various life stressors

216.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Agonist Maintenance Treatment
lPatients stabilized on adequate, sustained dosages of these medications can function normally.
lThey can hold jobs, avoid crime and violence of the street culture, and reduce their exposure to HIV by stopping or decreasing IV drug use and drug-related sexual behavior.
lCan engage more readily in counseling and other behavioral interventions essential to recovery and rehabilitation

217.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Agonist Maintenance Treatment
lUsually conducted in outpatient settings
lTreatment provided in opioid treatment programs or, with buprenorphine, in office-based settings
lUse a long-acting synthetic opioid medication, usually methadone
lAdminister the drug orally for a sustained period at a dosage sufficient to prevent opioid withdrawal, block the effect of illicit opiate use, and decrease opioid craving

218.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Agonist Maintenance Treatment
lThe best, most effective opioid agonist maintenance programs include individual and/or group counseling, as well as provision of, or referral to other needed medical, psychological, and social services.

219.Benefits of Methadone Maintenance Therapy
lUsed effectively and safely for over 30 years
lNot intoxicating or sedating, if prescribed properly
lEffects do not interfere with ordinary activities
lSuppresses opioid withdrawal for 24-36 hours

220.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Antagonist Maintenance Treatment
lUsually conducted in outpatient setting
lInitiation of naltrexone often begins after medical detoxification in a residential setting
lIndividuals must be medically detoxified and opioid-free for several days before naltrexone is taken (to prevent precipitating an opioid withdrawal syndrome).

221.How Can You Treat Opioid Addiction?Antagonist Maintenance Treatment
lRepeated lack of desired opioid effects, as well as the perceived futility of using the opiate, will gradually over time result in breaking the habit of opiate addiction.
lPatient noncompliance is a common problem. A favorable treatment outcome requires that there also be a positive therapeutic relationship, effective counseling or therapy, and careful monitoring of medication compliance.

222.Summary
lOpioids attach to receptors in the brain, causing pleasure. After repeated opioid use, the brain becomes altered, leading to tolerance and withdrawal.
lMedications operating through the opioid receptors, such as buprenorphine, prevent withdrawal symptoms and help the person function normally.
lBehavioral treatment can also address cravings that arise from environmental cues.

The end..
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chapter 007: Access to Treatment and Rehabilitation
People with drug abuse problems come­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ from all walks of life and have different needs.

Treatment services thus must offer a range of approaches and should be tailored to each patient.


The treatment and rehabilitation process should begin with the early detection of drug abuse.
The process includes all stages leading to eventual reintegration into society.
The following steps are regarded as essential.

Early detection and access to services needs to be facilitated for high-risk individuals. This is best accomplished through primary health-care settings.
Outreach programmes are necessary to reach the many drug users who are not in contact with any medical or drug abuse treatment institutions. Flexible, unconventional approaches developed outside formal health and social environments and aimed at accessing, motivating and supporting drug abusers can reach out-of-treatment drug users, increase drug treatment referrals and reduce illicit drug-use behaviour.

Detoxification should be seen in the context of broader social and treatment interventions. Community-based (i.e. non-residential) detoxification can be a particularly cost-effective approach, provided that there is a basic medical and social support infrastructure. Inpatient detoxification is essential for a small minority who are likely to experience severe withdrawal and associated medical complications.

Psychosocial interventions are a vital part of drug abuse treatment. Drug abuse affects other psychosocial, economic and behavioral dimensions. It is useful to have a multi-disciplinary team composed of medical, social and counseling providers.


Counselling is a very important component of treatment. It is also the first step towards rehabilitation and eventual social reintegration. Involvement of the family and mobilization of the community contribute significantly to long-term treatment and rehabilitation efforts.

Prescription of Substitutes can be an important aspect of treatment for many patients. The prescription of methadone, buprenorphine or LAAM to people dependent on opiates can help them stabilize their lives and reduce illicit drug use.


Social reintegration requires work with individuals, their families and communities. Marketable skills training and facilitating the re-entry of former abusers into the workforce are necessary components of rehabilitation programmes.

Integration of treatment and rehabilitation services within existing health services or systems should take place wherever possible, without creating a separate drug treatment system.
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chapter 008: REVIEW OF N.D.P.S Act & PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATION


N.D.P.S Act -
- General Features
1.A boon of 16th Century – Curse of 19th Century.
• Opium Acts 1857, 1878, Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 repealed.
• India as “Sandwich” between Golden Triangle and Golden
Crescent for illicit trafficking.
• Golden Triangle:- Burma, Thailand, Laos,
• Golden Crescent:- Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran.
· Original Act came in to force on 14-11-1985
· Drastic Amendments in the year 1988
· Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in N.D.P.S Act 1988.
· Major amendments made in the Act in the year 2001 w.e.f. 2-10-2001.

2.Review of N.D.P.S Act - Important Definitions :
• Sec.2 (XIV): Narcotic Drug:- means the coca leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium popy straw and includes all manufactured drugs.
• Sec.2 (XXIII) Psychotropic Substance:- Means any substance, natural or synthetic, or any natural material or any salt of preparation of such substance or material included in the list of psychotropic substances specified in the Schedule.

3.IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS :
• Small quantity, commercial quantity as per Notification S.O. 1055 (E) Govt. of India.
• Illicit Traffic. VIII (a): means Cultivation – Production – Manufacture possession – sale – purchase – transport – warehousing – concealment – use – consumption – Import – Export – Letting out – Financing – Abetting – Conspiring – Harboring.
• XXIX: Definitions under Cr.PC – to be construed.

4.Salient Features :
• Stringent punishments are provided in Ch.IV (Sec. 15 to 32)
• Establishment of Special Courts Sec. 36, 36 A to D
• No suspension, remission or commutation provided for the offenders 32-A
• All offences are cognizable and non bailable Sec.37.
· Bail provision to be exercised by the Judge with utmost care and caution Sec.37
· Probation of Offenders Act is applicable only for few offences Sec.39.
· Power of Publication regarding particulars of convicts Sec.40.
· To be investigated by Authorised officers only (Sec. 41, 42, 43, 50 etc.,)
· Special provisions for personal search Sec. 50
• Properties are liable for confiscation. Ch. V.A (Sec. 68 A to 68 Z)
• Protection is given to authorised officers and I.O’s irrespective of their rank. Sec 69
• Immunity provided in certain cases. Sec.64, 64 A.
• Presumption:
- Sec.35 Culpable Mental State (shall)
- Sec.54 Possessing Illicit articles (may)

- Sec.66 Possession of Documents (shall)

5.IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Sec. 2 (VII a) commercial quantity.
Sec. 2 (XXIII a) small quantity.
Sec. 8.A. Conversion or transfer of property prohibited.
All penal provisions amended to segregate the punishments for small quantity & commercial quantity.
Sec. 27 substituted by new provision.

6.Major Amendments in the year 2001 w.e.f. 2/10/01.

Whoever consumes the drug is punishable irrespective of quantity u/s 27
Possessing small quantity for all the drugs is viewed leniently as regards the punishments.
Sec 41 to 43 amended to the effect that it covers Ch.IV & V A also.
Subsections 5 and 6 have been added to sec.50 enabling the personal search by using sec.100 (Cr.P.C.).
Presumption u/s 54 regarding possession of illicit articles (may presume)
Sec.64 A Immunity – Addicts – Treatment
Notification S.O. 1055(E) dated: 19-10-2001 issued by Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India. Specification of small and commercial quantity.

7.Review of N.D.P.S Act - Investigation
Sec.41 Investigation with warrant.
Though the offences are congnizable warrant/authorization is required.
On satisfaction of issuing authorities that the offence has taken place.
Issue of warrant/authorization for arrest, search and seizure.
For any offence under the Act/forfeiture by day or night.

8.Sec.41 Investigation with warrant.
Three Authorities are empowered to issue warrant/authorization.
Judicial Authorities :
- Metropolitan Magistrate
- Judicial Magistrate of First Class
- Second Class Magistrate (empowered)

9.Sec.41 Investigation with warrant.
Power of Administrative authorities(Central Govt)
Central Govt. Gazetted Officers:- Central Excise – Narcotics – Customs – Revenue Intelligence – Any other empowered officers Paramilitary Forces – Armed Forces.

10.INVESTIGATION
Sec.41 Investigation with warrant.
Power of Administrative authorities(State Govt.)
Revenue – Drugs Control – Excise – Police – Any other Departments specially empowered.
Subordinate Officers superior in rank of peon, sepoy, constable.
G.O.Ms.No.183 Rev(E) 14/2/1986 - S.I. & above rank of Police or Excise Depts.

11.Sec.42 Investigation without warrant.
Power of Officers referred in sec.41 (day time)
Being above the rank of sepoy, constable, peon.
G.O.Ms.No.184 Rev(E) 14/2/1986
S.I. & above rank of Police or Excise Depts.
May exercise all the powers of investigation In case of emergency after recording grounds
Information to the superior officer within 72 hours
Sec.43 Investigation in public places.
Officers mentioned in sec.42 may exercise the powers of investigation without warrant.
G.O.Ms.No.185 Rev(E) 14/2/1986
S.I. & above rank of Police or Excise Depts.

Transportation in any mode may be checked.
Public place means any public conveyance, hotel, shop are any place generally access.

12.Search & Seizure
Sec.44:- Power to enter in the crops and seize coca plant opium poppy and cannabis plant. (only regarding plants a special provision).

Sec.45:- Seizure Practical difficulties.
Authorized officer (I.O.) U/sec. 42 may seize if it is practicable.
If not, serve a notice as not to disturb without permission.


Sec.46:- Duty of land holder to inform, If not punishable U/sec. 32.

Sec.47:- Duty of village officers to inform regarding cultivation. If not punishable U/sec. 32.

Sec.48:- Power of Attachment of Crop May be observed by :
J.F.C.M.- Metro Magistrate (or)
Any Empowered Magistrate.
Gazetted officer U/sec. 42 For attachment or destruction.



Sec.49:- Stoppage of conveyance
Any Conveyance may be stopped by the I.O. (42).
Aircraft may be compelled to land.
Rummage – search – If it is not legally possible open fire

13.INVESTIGATION
Sec.50 Personal Search.
Search before Gazetted Officer/Magistrate
Power of detention.
Gazetted Officer/Magistrate may discharge.
Search of female.
In case of practical difficulty Sec.100 Cr.P.C.
Record reasons – information to superior within 72 hours with copy there of.

14.Search & Seizure
Sec.52:-Disposal of Persons & Property
Grounds of arrest to be informed 50 Cr.P.C. Art 22(1).
Person arrested / property seized with warrant Sec. 41 (1) shall be sent to the Magistrate for with.

Arrest & seizure U/Sec. 41(2) to 44 shall be sent to the SHO/ Officer U/sec. forthwith.
As per law the person & property to be dispatched.

Sec.52(A):- Disposal of seized NDPS – Hazardous Nature–Investigating Officer Power.

Sec.60:- Liability
Drugs (NDPS & Controlled Substances)
Receptacles packages & coverings, materials, apparatus or utensils.
Animals or conveyances carrying the 1& 2 above.
May be exempted (used without knowledge or conveyance).

Sec.61:- Goods used also liable for confiscation (Not the means of transport).

Sec.62:- Sale Proceeds also liable for confiscation if any person sells.

Sec.63:-
(1)Sale Proceeds also liable for confiscation if any person sells.
(2)When the person is not known - court may enquire.

Proviso:-
After one month only from date of seizure & after hearing both.
In case of speedy and natural decay, may be sold.

15.Latest Judgments of Supreme Court 2000 (1) ALT (Cri) 332 (Supreme Court)
Large quantity of poppy ‘husks’ – Question whether poppy husks would fall within the definition of ‘poppy straw’ Sec. 2 XV. (Opium)
1999 Supreme Court cases (Cri) 1501










Sec.50 not applicable to search of the bag hanging on the scooter which the accused was riding.

1999 Supreme Court cases (Cri) 1522

Bail – offences under N.D.P.S. Act more serious than a murder.
Hence bail to be granted in the rarest of the rare cases.
2000 (1) Supreme 363
Presumption:–Sec.35 –

Auto rickshaw with four gunny bags of charas – Driver acquitted.
Culpable mental state – Burden of accused to discharge – Burden can be discharged through deferent modes – Burden could stand discharged even if accused has not adduced any evidence if circumstances appearing in prosecution evidence give reasonable assurance to Court that accused could not have had knowledge of required intention.

16.Latest Judgments of Supreme Court
2004 Sec(Cri) 1701. Basheer vs Kerala.

Sec.27:- Small quantity of Brown Sugar (1.2 grams) plea for personal consumption – Burden of proof on accused – 6 small packets – suspected to be kept for customers and waiting for them in a street. Plea not accepted. Trial Court & High Court convicted for 10 years & fine of Rs.1 lakh. Supreme Court confirmed.

2004 SCC (Cri) 1704. Aplesh Kumar vs Rajasthan.
Sec 27. Small quantity of Heroin 500 mg in the form of two cigarettes – claim of personal consumption accepted by the SC and set aside the punishment U/sec 8/21. Awarded by the lower courts.
2004 SCC (Cri) 1160 Inspector of Police is a Gazetted Officer – Search before him is proper U/sec 50.


2004 SCC (Cri) 1571 State of Haryana vs Jarnail Sing & others.

Distinction between sec 43 & 42 explained.
Sec 42 contemplates entry into and search of building, conveyance or enclosed place.
Sec 43 contemplates a seizure made in any public place or in transit.
U/sec 43 the condition of search between sun rise & sunset is not applicable as in Sec 42.
Reasons need not be recorded when superintendent of police was also as party of search

2004 SCC (Cri) 1584 S. Jeevanantham vs State through C.I.of Police (Tamil nadu)
Neither Cr.P.C. nor any law prohibits investigation and filing charge sheet by the same officer
On the information given by SI, Inspector issued F.I.R. search was conducted by CI as per Sec 50.
No prejudice is caused to accused – no personal interest – official acts.

2004 SCC (Cri) 1586 State of Orissa vs Rajendra Thripathi.
Search & Seizure while the officers on patrolling duty – Sec 42 has no application.
S.I of Excise on patrolling with his staff found the accused running away & chased them asked to avail the search before Gazetted Officer on his denial searched. No procedural irregularity.


2004 (2) ACT (Cri) 48 (SC) - State of Haryana vs Jarnail Singh and others.

Search in presence of Supt of Police being member of search party no need of taking the accused before gazetted officer



2004 Supreme Court Cases (Cri) 1561 - Narcotics Control Bureau,
Jodhpur vs Mulidhar Soni and others.

Conscious possession not proved produced the accused after 4 days of arrest with injuries – acquitted.


2004 SCC (Cri) 1550 - T.T.Haneefa vs State of Kerala

Offering the accused to be searched before Gazetted officer / Magistrate is sufficient. Conviction upheld
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